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History Flashcards

(100 cards)

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1
Q

Who came up with the heliocentric view

A

Copernicus

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2
Q

What did Johannes Kepler do

A

He discovered that planets make elliptical orbits around the sun rather than in circular motions

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3
Q

Who’s observations and laws of motion supported the heliocentric. His ideas conflicted with the bible leading to his arrest.

A

Galileo

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4
Q

What is the scientific method

A

A logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas

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5
Q

What did Francis bacon do

A

He invented the experimental method.

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6
Q

What did Rene Descartes do

A

He relied on mathematics and logic and believed everything should be doubted until proven by reason.

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7
Q

What did Issac Newtons ideas explain

A

That the same laws that govern the earth, govern the universe. Every object attracts every other object

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8
Q

What did Leeuwenhoek do

A

He used a microscope to observe organisms and show that they did not come to life spontaneously. He created more than 200 microscopes and was the first to see red blood cells.

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9
Q

What did Torricelli do

A

He developed the first Mercury barometer

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10
Q

What did Gabriel Fahrenheit do

A

Develop the first Mercury thermometer using 32 as the freezing point

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11
Q

What did anders Celsius do

A

Used another scale to measure temperature and used 0 as the freezing point

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12
Q

What did Vesalius do

A

He dissected human corpses to learn about the human body

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13
Q

What did Edward Jenner do

A

He created a vaccine for smallpox by using germs from cows

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14
Q

Enlightenment

A

Stressed reason and thought and power of individuals

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15
Q

What did Thomas Hobbes believe

A

That people need a strong government to keep order

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16
Q

What is the social contract

A

Written by Thomas Hobbes, says people had to give up their rights in exchange for order and protection

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17
Q

What did John Locke believe

A

That people have the natural ability to govern themselves

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18
Q

What is natural rights

A

Written by John Locke about life liberty and property. People can overthrow the government

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19
Q

What do the philosophers do

A

Advocate reason

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20
Q

What are the 5 important philosophical concepts

A

Reason, nature, happiness, progress, and liberty

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21
Q

What did Voltaire do

A

Fought intolerance through his writings. He criticized the clergy, government, and the aristocracy of bigotry and prejudice

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22
Q

What did Montesquieu believe

A

A governments power should be divided into different branches (separation of power)

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23
Q

What did Rousseau believe

A

Governments should be formed through the agreement of free individuals (direct democracy)

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24
Q

What did baccaira believe

A

Thought laws existed to preserve social order, torture should be abolished, people should receive fair punishments and trial, have speedy trials, and there should be no Capitol punishment.

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25
What did Mary Wollstonecraft do
Argued for more education for women, woman's equality in marriage, and for woman's right to participate in politics
26
Salons
Social gatherings in which wealthy women spread enlightenment ideas
27
What did Diderot do
He created an encyclopedia containing current ideas about science, art, and government
28
Who were the three enlightened despots
Frederick II of Prussia, Joseph II, and Catherine the great
29
What did Frederick II of Prussia do
Abolished torture, claimed he was a servant of the state, greatly improved education
30
What did Joseph II of Austria do
He was the most radical, he gave freedom of worship and press, abolished serfdom, but everything was reverted back after he was assassinated
31
What did Catherine the great do
She married czar Peter, in outages religious toleration, wanted no torture, corresponded with Voltaire, gave power to nobles crushing a serf revolt, and vastly increased the Russian empire
32
Navigation acts
Colonists could only sell to or buy from England
33
Why were the Americans victorious
They were motivated to fight, British generals were overconfident, the war was costly for the British, Americans received support from Louis XVI, and they had home-field advantage
34
Why did the new American government fail
They created a weak central government and the articles of confederation had only a congress and no executive or judicial branch
35
What were some solutions to Americas weak government
They created the federal system and checks and balances and they created the bill of rights
36
What are the three estates
The first estate is the clergy, the second estate is the nobles and the third estate consists of the bourgeoisie, workers, and peasants
37
What are the causes of the French Revolution
Financial difficulties, weak absolute monarchy, social structure, and enlightenment ideas
38
Why was the estates general meeting called
Louis tried to tax the second estate
39
Why was the National Assembly created
The third estate demand more rights at the estates general meeting and they vote to create the National Assembly to pass laws and reforms for the French people
40
What is the tennis court oath
The third estates pledge to stay until they drew up a new constitution
41
What is the storming of the Bastille
French citizens mistakenly think Louis planned to use foreign troops to massacre them to they storm a pros prison to take weapons and kill a few people
42
What is the great fear
A senseless panic that leads to the destruction in the French countryside by peasants against nobles
43
What is the declaration of the rights of man
Written by the National Assembly, includes ideas from the Declaration of Independence and guarantees rights such as liberty, equality, and fraternity. Also includes freedom of speech, property, and rights to security
44
What does the legislative assembly do
Creates laws and approves or rejects wars
45
What are émigrés
Nobles who had fled France during peasant uprisings and wanted the old regime back
46
What are Sans culottes
Workers who wanted a greater say in government and an end to food shortages
47
Why did the legislative assembly declare war against Austria
Austria proposed France put Louis back on the throne
48
What was the September massacre
Paris citizens raid prisons and murder over 1000 prisoners
49
What was the outcome of France declaring itself a republic
They set aside the 1791 constitution, deposed the king, dissolved their assembly, and created the national convention
50
What were jacobins
The most radical group, put Louis on trial and found him guilty for treason
51
Who was Maximilian Robespierre
Rose to power after king Louis and tried to wipe out all traces of the monarchy and nobility.
52
What was the committee of public safety
A committee made and led by Robespierre
53
What was the reign of terror
Time in which Robespierre rules as dictator and possibly 40000 people were put to the guillotine
54
What is the directory
Executive body of 5 people
55
Who is Napoleon Bonaparte
The new general to command French armies
56
What is a coup de'tat
A sudden seizure of power
57
What were napoleons accomplishments in France
He set up public schools, set up an agreement with the church, and set up a system of laws Valle dye napoleonic code
58
What were the two results of the battle of trafalgar
It insured the supremacy of the British navy and it forced Napoleon to give up his plans to invade Britain
59
What were napoleons main mistakes
The continental system, the peninsula war, and the invasion of Russia.
60
What was the continental system
A blockade meant to prevent all trade and communication between Great Britain and other European nations
61
What was the peninsula war
Portugal ignored the continental system so Napoleon sends French troops to Portugal through Spain
62
What happened in the battle of borodino
The Russians fell back letting Napoleon move onto Moscow but instead of letting him take over, Alexander czar burned the city
63
The reaction in Europe to the invasion of Russia
All the main powers declared war on France
64
What happens at the battle of Leipzig
Inexperienced French troops lose to Alexander I and other European allies allowing them to take Paris and the French surrender
65
What is the result of the battle of Leipzig
Napoleon was captured and sent into exile on the island of Elba and king Louis brother Louis XVIII is put on the throne
66
What were the hundred days
Louis XVIII takes over the throne but is unpopular with the people. Napoleon escapes and comes back to France making the French happy and the Europeans quickly Marshal their armies
67
What happened at the battle of Waterloo
The British and Prussian forces defeated napoleons troops which ended napoleons last bid for power
68
What is St Helena
The second place Napoleon is exhaled to after the battle of Waterloo
69
What did the congress of Vienna do
Set up to achieve security and stability for the entire continents
70
Who was klemens Von Metternich
The most influential of the representatives of the 5 great powers and the foreign of Austria
71
What were the 3 goals of Metternich at the congress of Vienna
The containment of France, a balance of powers, and legitimacy(rulers restored to power)
72
What were the social classes in Latin America
1. Penisulares-Europeans 2. Creoles-European children born in Latin America 3. Mestizos-European Native American mix 4. Mullato-slave/European mix 5. Slaves 6. Native Americans
73
How did Haiti free itself from European rule
Enslaved Africans rose up and revolted with toussaint L'ouverture leading them. He took control of the island and freed all the slaves.
74
Who was Jean-Jacques dessalines
He took over for L'ouveture when he was put in prison
75
Who was Simon bolivar
A creole who was called the liberator and the grapefruit Washington of South America. He helped South America gain independence from Spain and his military campaign won independence for Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia
76
Who was Jose de San Martin
He was a creole that lead an army across the Andes mountains into chile to help that country gain independence. He joined with bolivar to drive the Spanish from Peru.
77
What is nationalism
Loyalty to your nation, country, or culture
78
Who was king victor Emmanuel
Leader of Piedmont Sardinia
79
Who was Cavour
Prime minister of Piedmont
80
Who was garibaldi
Leader of army known as red shirts. He crossed into the mainland, marched north and eventually agreed to unite with Piedmont Sardinia
81
Who was king Wilhelm
Prussian leader that recruited Junkers or wealthy land owners for support
82
Who was Otto Von Bismarck
Prime minister of Germany who developed realpolitiks and bypassed parliament authority
83
What did victor Hugo write
Les Mis and the hunchback of notre daum
84
What did Mary Shelley write
Frankenstein
85
What is realism
Showed life as it really was
86
What did Charles dickens write
He wrote scenes of London's working poor suck as Oliver Twist and a Christmas carol
87
Why did the agricultural revolution begin in Britain
Large population, extensive resources, and expanding economy
88
What did Eli Whitney do
He invented the cotton gin
89
What did Robert Fulton do
Made the steamboat, the clermont
90
What was the impact of railroads
Spurred industrial growth, created new jobs, boosted agricultural and fishing industries
91
Who was Samuel slater
Brought British blueprints to America
92
What did Francis's Lowell do
Mechanized every stage in the manufacturing of cloth
93
What was the impact of industrialization
Global inequality, imperialism, transformation of society
94
What did Adam smith write
The wealth of nations
95
What did Karl Marx write
The communist manifesto
96
What did Jeremy Bentham believe
People should judge stuff on the basis of their usefulness
97
What did Horace man want
Free public education for all children
98
What did William wilberforce do
Fought to abolish slavery and slave trade in the British West Indies
99
What did Jane Addams do
Worked in aiding the inner city poor
100
Who came up with a geocentric view
Aristotle came up with it while Ptolemy expanded view

Midterms (3 decks)

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