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1
Q

Who was the first known physician?

A

Imhotep; “he comes in peace”, first architect of old kingdom in Egypt; built pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara

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2
Q

Schistosomiasis

A

Major problem for Egyptian doctors; next biggest after malaria; treated with antimony (toxic metallic rock > side effects)

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3
Q

Sushruta

A

Founding father of Indian medicine; explained how to rebuild pts nose (first plastic surgeon)

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4
Q

6th C Indian Medicine Principle

A

Health requires balance between spirit, phlegm, and bile

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5
Q

Ayruveda

A

System of traditional medicine native to India; form of alternative medicine; Life + science

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6
Q

What were the diagnostic techniques in Indian medicine?

A

Palpation, observation, observation of various odors; focused on food/diet

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7
Q

8 treatments of Ayurvedic Medicine

A

Surgery, treatment of disease above the clavicle, internal medicine, demonic possession (psychiatry), pediatrics, toxicology, prevention and building immunity, aphrodisiacs

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8
Q

Where did the symbol for medicine originate?

A

Rod of Asclepius (snake healed wound by touch)

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9
Q

Hippocrates

A

Practiced and taught in 400 BCE, on island of Kos; ‘father of medicine’, paid attention to symptoms

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10
Q

“On the Nature of Man”

A

Written by Polybus; humans made of four substances: blood, phlegm, black bile (melancholia), and yellow bile (chole)

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11
Q

What were the Humors found in “On the nature of man”?

A

Sanguine: reddish (cheerful), Phlegmatic: sluggish; Melancholy: sadness; Choleric: irritable

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12
Q

Dogmatics

A

Adhered to mainstream thought per Hippocrates; example: Galen

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13
Q

Rationalists

A

Reason in formulating and adopting a theory concerning the structure/function of the body; every disease has a cause; example: Celsus

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14
Q

Empiricists

A

Believed in supremacy of actual clinical observation/experience over theory; example: Aristotle, Herophilus, Erasistratus

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15
Q

Methodics

A

Body was composed of fragile corpuscles that moved through small pores/channels; pathology when channels obstructed; founder= Aclepiades and Thessalus

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16
Q

Pneumatists

A

Emphasized importance of pneuma (vital force); not exclusive of the other sects

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17
Q

Human Vivisection

A

300BC; In Alexandria, Herophilus and Erasistratus; done on criminals

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18
Q

6 Hygienic Factors

A

Greek medicine; ambient air, food and drink, exercise and rest, sleep and wakefulness, retention and evacuation of wastes, perturbations of the mind and emotions

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19
Q

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)

A

Life and activity have intimate relationship with environment; yin and yang, shen (soul), meridian system; more concerned with function vs. physical parts

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20
Q

Acupuncture

A

3rd C BC; Described in Nei Ching; needle placement improves the energy flow by clearing blockage or releasing pressure

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21
Q

Galen

A

2nd C AD; greek physician for gladiators at Pergamum in 158 AD; dissected apes and pigs; unchallenged until Vesalius; overturned the theory that arteries contained air, believed ebb and flow (until Harvey)

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22
Q

Pneumonia

A

Introduced by Hippocrates in 400 BC

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23
Q

Plutarch

A

Greek author; inflammation of lungs= pneumonia, inflammation of pleural sac= pleurisy

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24
Q

Aretaeus

A

100 AD defines asthma

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25
School of Salerno
10thC; first university/medical school
26
Constantine the African
Brought arabic medicine to Salerno; born in 1017 in Kairouan
27
Abul Kasim
1000AD; surgeon and dentist in Spain; writes "Al-Tasrif" as first surgery manual
28
Anesthetics
13thC; opium, hemlock, and juice of mandragora, ivy and unripe mulberry; awaken with spongeful of vinegar
29
Vesalius
1533-1543; born in Brussels; 1537 becomes professor at Padua; corrects Galens work; "De humani corporis fabrica"
30
Surgery in 16-17C
Low craft pre-anesthetics; linked with barbers; responsible for blood-letting; Ambroise Pare first to treat war wounds
31
Ambroise Pare
1545; publishes "method for treating wounds caused by arquebuses and other firearms"; egg yolk + oil of roses + turpentine; ligatures to seal blood vessels
32
Harvey
1628; published movement of blood in animals; arterial system to venous system to complete circuit
33
Malpighi
1661; first to observe capillaries (frog); completed Harvey's theory of a circuit
34
Blood Transfusions
1665-1670; Jean Baptiste Denis using quill; made illegal in 1670 until 1900 with human blood group discovery
35
Moliere
French playwright and actor; master of comedy in western literature
36
Inoculation
17-18th C; to protect against smallpox; when you survive, protected against reinfection; pustulent matter rubbed into skin; Mary Wortley Montagu proponent; not safe until Edward Jenner
37
James Lind
1747; conqueror of scurvy
38
William Smellie
1752-1785; first obstetrician; "theory and practice of midwifrey"
39
Giovanni Battista Morgagni
1761; described symptoms of pts before death
40
Leopold Auenbrugger
1761; Vienna; percussion to find fluid
41
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier
1794; beheaded during french revolution, 15sec until stopped blinking
42
William Withering
late 18C; dropsy alleviated by foxglove (digitalis) and could be used for heart disease
43
Edward Jenner
1796-1798; Berkeley; cowpox inoculation > smallpox inoculation
44
Homeopathy
Founded by Samuel Hahnemann; small, diluted doses of drugs can help pt recover from disease (like cured by like); used "First do no harm" principle; focuses on vital force (chi)
45
Theory of Potencies
the greater the dilution, the more powerful the effect of the drug; named Allopaths= orthodox medical practitioners
46
American Medical Association (AMA)
Formed in 1840s
47
Magnetic Healing
Franz Mesmer (1734-1815); imbalance of magnetic field > disease
48
Laennec and the Stethoscope
1816-1819; Necker Hospital in Paris; heard bronchitis and pneumonia sounds; TB common in that time; publishes auscultation medicine
49
Roentgen
1896; Xrays potential in medicine; Nobel prize in 1901
50
Medical College of Philadelphia
Founded in 1765; affiliated with UPenn in 1791
51
First MD Degree
Awarded in 1770 by King's College in NY
52
Smallpox Inoculation in America
mid 1700s (before Europe)
53
Benjamin Rush
1745-1813; Philadelphia physician, signer of Declaration of Independence; Father of American Psychiatry; advised Lewis and Clarke; high mercury emetic for poisoning treatment
54
John Crawford
1807; amiculae (small pests) caused fevers
55
American Homeopathy
1825; "heroic medicine"; foundation: nutrition, exercise, minimal medicine, human relationships; body can heal itself
56
Samuel Thomson
Father of American Herbalism; 1769-1843; Founded Botanic Medical College in Columbus OH in 1840 > Thomsonians curing disease with vegetable medicine
57
Constantine Rafinesque
1830; reference book for herbalists
58
Crawford Long
1842; Anesthesia; used ether for surgery; 1879 was first painless surgery
59
Elizabeth Blackwell
1849; first woman to gain medical degree in US from Hobart College in NY
60
Woman's Medical College
1850; first medical college in the world to grant degrees to women; founded in Philadelphia
61
Ellis Reynolds Shipp
1878 graduates from Womans Medical College; supported by Brigham Young
62
Mary Corinna Putnam, MD
1842-1906; American physician, writer, suffragist; 1864 degree from Womans medical college; Married Jacobi- father of American pediatrics
63
Joseph Lister
1827-1912; antiseptic surgery; 1867 publishes antiseptic principles
64
Dr. Eli Jones
Eclectics; cancer treatment using herbs
65
Sylvester Graham
1794-1851; hygienist
66
Popular Health Movement
Pro: regular bathing, fresh air, exercise, diet; against: improper dress, sexual permissiveness, gluttony, medications, unhealthy foods (meats, fresh milk, eggs, coffee, pastries)
67
Dr. Mary Walker
First female surgeon of US army; 1865 medal of honor by President Johnson (rescinded then returned by President Carter in 1977)
68
AT Still
1828-1917; son of methodist minister; preceptorial education; disillusioned after wife and child die; dissatisifed with pharmaceuticals; moved to Kansas because anti-slavery; joined Union army; given MD from Missouri; Opened Kirksville in 1892
69
Osteopathy
Bone + pathos/disease
70
Osteopathic Medical Principles
Body is a unit; structure and function are reciprocally related; body possesses self-regulatory mechanisms; body has inherent capacity to defend and repair itself
71
John Harvey Kellogg
1852-1943; Road to Wellville; Brother started Kellog's dry cereal
72
Mayo clinic
1889; after tornado hit Rochester in 1883; WW Mayo founder; frontier surgeon; believed in personalized team approach; put needs of pts first and proceeds to research
73
Anita Newcomb McGee, MD
GWU in 1892, assistant surgeon in US army, few to practice in Washington DC
74
American School of Osteopathy
Opened by Still in 1892; 15 men, 3 women; first graduates in 1894
75
Johns Hopkins University
1893: revolutionizes medical education in US, same year Still gets typhoid
76
Osteopathic Manipulation
Originally diagnostic, but therapeutic discovered
77
First state to License DOs
Vermont in 1896; then North Dakota
78
AAAO/AOA
Founded in 1897
79
PCOM
OJ Snyder and Mason Pressly; Originally Philadelphia Infirmary and College of Osteopathy
80
Sir William Osler
Born in Canada; 1905 strong advocate for preventive medicine
81
Abraham Flexner
1910; 50% of medical schools close
82
John Martin Littlejohn
Moves osteopathy to Europe; founded BSO in 1917
83
Influenza Pandemic 1918
Harold Magoun reports that OMT worked
84
Fryette's Principles
1918; Thoracic and lumbar motions (R and SB) are coupled by zygapophyseal joints (thoracic = coronal; lumbar=sagittal)
85
1962 California Merger
Loss of 1/6 of profession; 1974 it is overrulled; Cline Report
86
Helmholtz
1851; invents Opthalmoscope
87
Pravaz
Hypodermic syringe
88
Von Basch
1878; blood pressure with sphygmomanometer
89
Vuillemen
1889; coins antibiotic
90
Louisa Burns, DO
first DO to perform long-term research; sympathetics and osteopathic lesions

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