History

Question 1

of, pertaining to, or existing in the time prior to the recording of human events, knowledge of which is gained mainly through archaeological discoveries, study, and research.

Answer 1

Prehistoric

Question 2

The earliest know period of human culture, preceding the bronze age and the iron age and characterized by the use of stone implements and weapons.

Answer 2

Stone Age

Question 3

of or relating to the last phase of the stone age, characterized by the cultivation of grain crops, domestication of animals, settlement of villages, manufacture of pottery and textiles, and use of polished stone implements; thought to have begun c. 9000-8000 BCE

Answer 3

Neolithic

Question 4

A periodof human history tht began c. 4000-3000 BCE, folowing the stone age and preceding the iron age, characterized by the use of bronze implements.

Answer 4

Bronze Age

Question 5

A bronze age culture that flourished in the Indus valley c. 2300-1500 BCE.

Answer 5

Harappa

Question 6

A neolithic culture in China centered around the fertile plains of the yellow River, characterized by pit dwellings and fine pottery painted in geometric designs.

Answer 6

Yang-shao

Question 7

A legendary dynasty in China, 2205-1766 BCE.

Answer 7

Xia

Hsia

Question 8

An ancient region in western Asia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, comprising the lands of Sumer and Akkad and occupied successively by the Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians, and Persians; now part of Iraq.

Answer 8

Mesopotamia

Question 9

An agriculture region arching from the eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea in the west to Iraq in the east, the location of humankind’s earliest cultures.

Answer 9

Fertile Crescent

Question 10

An advanced state of human society marked by a relatively high level of culture, technical, and political development.

Answer 10

Civilization

Question 11

An ancient region in southern Mesopotamia, where a number of independent cities and and city-states were established as early as 5000 BCE. A number of its cities, such as Eridu, Uruk, and Ur, are major archaeological sites.

Answer 11

Sumer

Question 12

The architecture of the ancient civilization that flourished along the Nile river in northwest Africa from before 3000 BCE to its annexation by Romein 30 BCE.

Answer 12

Egyptian Architecture

Question 13

The architecture of the Bronze Age civilization that flourished on Crete from about 3000 to 1100 BCE, named after the legendary king Minos of knossos.

Answer 13

Minoan Architecture

Question 14

The architecture of the Aegean civilization that spread its influence from Mycenae in southern Greece to many parts of the Mediterranean region from about 1600 to 1100 BCE

Answer 14

Mycenaean architecture

Question 15

The architecture of the civilization that flourished on the Greek peninsula, in Asia Minor, on the north coast of Africa, and in the western Mediterranean until the establishment of Roman dominion in 146 BCE.

Answer 15

Greek architecture

Question 16

The mesopotamian architecture that developed after the decline of the Assyrian Empire, deriving much from Assyrian architecture and enhanced by figured designs of heraldic animals in glazed brickwork.

Answer 16

Neo-Babylonian architecture

Question 17

The architecture of ancient Greece and Rome, on which the Italian Renaissance and subsequent styles, such as the Baroque and the Classic Revival, based their development.

Answer 17

Classical architecture

Question 18

The architecture of the ancient Roman people, characterized by massive brick and concrete construction employing such features as the semicircular arch, the barrels and groin vaults,and the dome .

Answer 18

Roman architecture

Question 19

The final phase of Roman architecture, following the adoption of Christianity as the state religion by Constantine in 313 CE.

Answer 19

Early Christian architecture

Question 20

The architecture of the European Middle Ages, comprising the architecture of the Byzantine, pre-Romanesque, and Gothic periods.

Answer 20

Medieval architecture

Question 21

The time in Europe history between classical antiquity and the Renaissance, often dated from 476 CE, when Romulus Augustulus, the last Roman emperor of the Western Roman Empire, was deposed to about 1500.

Answer 21

Middle Ages

Question 22

The early part of the middle Ages, from 476 CE to C. 1100.

Answer 22

Dark Ages

Question 23

A style of architecture emerging in the Italy and western Europe in the 9th century and lasting until the advent of Gothic architecture in the 12th century, comprising a variety of related regional styles and characterized by heavy, articulated masonry construction with narrow openings.

Answer 23

Romanesques architecture

Question 24

The architecture of the eastern sphere of the later Roman Empire, developing from late Roman and early Christian antecedents in the 5th century CE and influencing church building in Greece, Italy and elsewhere for more than a thousand years.

Answer 24

Byzantine Architecture

Question 25

The style of architecture characterized by masonry construction, round arches, shallow domes carried on pendentives, and the extensive use of rich frescoes, colored glass mosaics, and marble revetments to cover whole interiors.

Answer 25

Byzantine Architecture

Question 26

The Romanesque architecture introduced from Normandy into England before the Norman Conquest and flourishing until the rise of Gothic architecture C. 1200.

Answer 26

Norman Architecture

Question 27

The architecture of the Muslim peoples from the 7th century on.

Answer 27

Islamic Architecture

Question 28

The architecture of the civilization that emerged on the Japanese archipelago off the east coast of Asia.

Answer 28

Japanese Architecture

Question 29

The style of architecture originating in France in the 12th century and existing in the western half of Europe through the middle of the 16th century.

Answer 29

Gothic Architecture

Question 30

The style of architecture characterized by the building of great cathedrals, a progressive lightening and heightening of structure, and the use of the pointed arch, ribbed vault, and a system of richly decorated fenestration.

Answer 30

Gothic Architecture

Question 31

The first of the three phases of french Gothic architecture fro the 12th through the end of the 13th centuries, characterized by the pointed arch and geometric tracery.

Answer 31

Early French style

Question 32

The middle phase of french Gothic architecture from the end 13th through the late 14th centuries, characterized by circular windows with radiating lines of tracery.

Answer 32

Rayonnant style

Question 33

The activity, spirit, or time of the humanistic revival of classical art, literature, and learning originating in Italy in the 14th century and extending to 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.

Answer 33

Renaissance

Question 34

The various adaptations of Italian Renaissance architecture that occurred throughout Europe until the advent of Mannerism and the Baroque in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Answer 34

Renaissance architecture

Question 35

Architecture characterized by the use of Italian Renaissance forms and motifs in more or less traditional buildings.

Answer 35

Renaissance architecture

Question 36

A style of Italian Renaissance art and architecture developed in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, characterized by an emphasis on draftsmanship, the illusion of sculptural volume in painting, and in building, by the imitative use of whole orders and compositional arrangement.

Answer 36

High Renaissance

Question 37

The Islamic architecture of the Ottoman Empire from the 14th century on, much influenced by the Byzantine architecture.

Answer 37

Ottoman architecture

Question 38

A style of architecture originating in Italy in the early 17th century and variously prevalent n Europe and the New World for a century and a half, characterized by free and sculpture use of the classical orders and ornament, dynamic opposition and interpentration of spaces, and dramatic combined effects of architecture, sculpture, painting, and the decorative arts.

Answer 38

Baroque architecture

Question 39

Art and architecture in the style of the ancient Greeks and romans, as that of the Italian Renaissance and the neoclassical movements in England and the United States in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

Answer 39

Classical Revival

Question 40

A style of decorative art that evolved from the Baroque, originating in France about 1720 and distinguished by fanciful, curved spatial forms and elaborate, profuse designs of shellwork and foliage intended for a delicate overall effect.

Answer 40

Rococo

Question 41

The style of architecture, decoration, and furnishing of the Bristish colonies in America in the 17th and 18th centuries, mainly adapted to local materials and demands from prevailing English styles.

Answer 41

Colonial architecture

Question 42

The Classic Revival styles of the decorative arts and architecture current in the U.S. from c. 1780 to c. 1830.

Answer 42

Federal style

Question 43

A movement aimed at reviving the spirit and forms of Gothic architecture, originating in the late 18th century but flourishing mainly in the 19th century in France, Germany, England, and to a lesser extent in the U.S. Gothic remained the accepted style for churches well into the 20th century.

Answer 43

Gothic Revival

Question 44

A style of architecture favored by the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in late 19th-century France and adopted in the U.S. and elsewhere c. 1900, characterized by symmetrical plans and the eclectic use of architecture features combined so as to give a massive, elaborate, and often ostentatious effect. The term is sometimes used in a pejorative sense to designate excessive formalism disregarding considerations of structural truth, advanced aesthetic theory, rational planning, or economy.

Answer 44

Beaux-Arts architecture

Question 45

A school of design established in Weimer, Germany, in 1919 by Walter Gropius, moved to Dessau in 1926, and closed in 1933 as result of Nazi hostility. The concepts and ideas developed at the Bauhaus were characterized chiefly by the synthesis of technology, craft, and design aesthetic, with an emphasis on functional design in architecture and the applied arts.

Answer 45

Bauhaus

Question 46

A deliberate philosophical and practical estrangement from the past in the arts and literature occurring in the course of the 20th century and taking form in any of various innovative movements and styles.

Answer 46

Modernism

Question 47

A movement in architecture in the 1950s, emphasizing the aesthetic use of basic building processes, esp. of cast-in-place concrete, with no apparent concern for visual amenity.

Answer 47

Brutalism

Question 48

A style of decorative art developed originally in the 1920s with a revival in the 1960s marked chiefly by geometric motifs, streamlined and curvilinear forms, sharly defined outlines, often bold colors, and the use of such synthetic material as plastic.

Answer 48

Art Deco

Question 49

A style of architecture exemplifying the commonest building techniques based on the forms and materials of a particular historical period, region, or group of people.

Answer 49

Vernacular architecture

Question 50

A movement that originated in Moscow after 1917, primarily in sculpture but with broad application to architecture. The expression construction was to be the basis for all building design, with emphasis on functional machine parts.

Answer 50

Constructivism

Question 51

A style of design incorporating industrial, commercial, and institutional fixtures, equipment, materials, or other elements having the utilitarian appearance characteristics of industrial design.

Answer 51

High-tech

Question 52

A philosophical and critical movement that started in the 1960s esp. in the study of literature, questioning traditional assumptions about the ability of language to represent reality and emphasizing that a text has no stable reference because words essentially refer only to other words.

Answer 52

Deconstruction

Question 53

An edifice or place dedicated to the worship or presence of a deity.

Answer 53

Temple

Question 54

Of or pertaining to religious objects, rites, or practices, as opposed to the secular or profane.

Answer 54

Sacred

Question 55

Of or pertaining to the temporal or worldly rather than the sacred or spiritual.

Answer 55

Secular

Question 56

A prehistoric monument consisting of an upright megalith, usually standing alone but sometimes aligned with others.

Answer 56

Menhir

Question 57

A very large stone used as found or roughly dressed, esp. in ancient construction work.

Answer 57

Megalith

Question 58

A single block of stone of considerable size, often in the form of an obelisk or column.

Answer 58

Monolith

Question 59

A heap of stones piled up as a monument, tombstone, or landmark.

Answer 59

Cairn

Question 60

A temple-tower in Sumerian and Assyrian architecture, built, in diminishing stages of mud brick with buttressed walls faced with burnt brick, culminating in a summit shrine or temple reached by a series of ramps.

Answer 60

Ziggurat

Question 61

A temple-tower presumed to be great zigurrat t Babylon, which no longer survives, though it was seen and described by the Greek historian Herodotus in the 5th century.

Answer 61

Tower of Babel

Question 62

The Monumental stone sculptures of human-headed, winged bulls or lions that guarded the entrances to Mesopotamian palaces and temples.

Answer 62

Lamassu

Question 63

A prehistoric monument consisting of two or more large upright stones supporting a horizontal stone slab, found esp. in Britain and France and usually regarded as a tomb.

Answer 63

Dolmen

Question 64

An artificial mound of earth or stone, esp. over an ancient grave.

Answer 64

Tumulus

Question 65

Two upright megaliths supporting a horizontal stone.

Answer 65

Trilithon

Question 66

A circular arrangement of megaliths enclosing a dolmen or burial mound.

Answer 66

Cromlech

Question 67

A circular arrangement of vertically oriented wooden posts or stones.

Answer 67

Henge

Question 68

A megalithic monument erected in the early bronze age, on Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, England, consisting of four concentric rings of trilithons and menhirs centered around an altar stone.

Answer 68

Stonehenge

Question 69

A long deep passageway into an ancient subterranean tomb.

Answer 69

Dromos

Question 70

A tomb of the Aegean civilizations consisting of a deep rectangular cut into sloping rock and a roof of timber or stone.

Answer 70

Shaft grave

Question 71

An ancient Egyptian tomb made of mud brick, rectangular in plan with a flat roof and sloping sides, from which a shaft leads to underground burial and offering chambers.

Answer 71

Mastaba

Question 72

A small chamber inside a mastaba containing a statue of the deceased.

Answer 72

Serdab

Question 73

The figure of the sacred asp, depicted on the headdress of ancient Egyptian rulers and deities as an emblem of supreme power.

Answer 73

Uraeus

Question 74

A massive Masonry structures having a rectangular base and four smooth, steeply sloping sides facing the cardinal points and meeting at an apex, used in ancient Egypt as a tomb to contain the burial chamber and the mummy of the pharaoh.

Answer 74

Pyramid

Question 75

Usually part of a complex of buildings within a walled enclosure, including mastabas for members of the royal family, an offering chapel and a mortuary temple.

Answer 75

Pyramid

Question 76

A raised causeway led from the enclosure down to a valley temple on the Nile. where purification rites and mummification were performed.

Answer 76

Pyramid

Question 77

A narrow rock- cut corridor in an ancient Egyptian tomb.

Answer 77

Syrinx

Question 78

A raised passageway ceremonially connecting the valley temple with an ancient Egyptian pyramid.

Answer 78

Causeway

Question 79

Any of the rulers of ancients Egyptian who were believed to be divine and had absolute power.

Answer 79

Pharaoh

Question 80

A figure of an imaginary creature having the body of a lion and the head of a man, ram, or hawk, commonly placed along avenues leading to ancient Egyptian temples or tombs.

Answer 80

Sphinx

Question 81

An ancient Egyptian temple for the worships of a deity, as distinguished from a mortuary temple.

Answer 81

Cult Temple

Question 82

A tomb hewn out of native rock, presenting only an architectural front with dark interior chambers, of which the sections are supported by masses of stone left in the form of solid pillars.

Answer 82

Rock-Cut tomb

Question 83

A tall, four-sided shaft of stone that tapers as it rises to a pyramidal point, originating in ancient Egypt as a sacred symbol of the sun-god Ra and usually standing in pairs astride temple entrances.

Answer 83

Obelisk

Question 84

A monument gateway to an ancient Egyptian temple, consisting either of a pair of tall truncated pyramids and a doorway between them or of one such masonry mass pierced with a doorway, often decorated with painted reliefs.

Answer 84

Pylon

Question 85

A freestanding gateway having the form of a pylon and preceding the main gateway to an ancient Egyptian temple or sacred enclosure.

Answer 85

Propylon

Question 86

A defensive military work construction for the purpose of strengthening a position.

Answer 86

Fortification

Question 87

A prjecting part of a rampart or other fortification, typically forming an irregular pentagon attached at the base to the main work.

Answer 87

Bastion

Question 88

Surrounded by or as if by a rampart.

Answer 88

Circumvallate

Question 89

A small tower forming part of a larger structure, frequently beginning some distance above the ground.

Answer 89

Turret

Question 90

A small overhanging turret on a wall or tower, often at a corner or near a gateway.

Answer 90

Bartizan

Question 91

A lady's private chamber in a medieval castle.

Answer 91

Bower

Question 92

A small rear door or gate to a fort or castle.

Answer 92

Postern

Question 93

The privy of a medieval castle or monastery.

Answer 93

Necessarium

Question 94

The innermost and strongest structure or tower of a medieval castle, used as a place of residence, esp. in times of siege.

Answer 94

Keep

Question 95

The upper member of a classical entablature, consisting typically of a cymatium, corona, and bed molding.

Answer 95

Cornice

Question 96

The horizontal part of a classical entablature between the cornice and architrave, often decorated with sculpture in low relief.

Answer 96

Frieze

Question 97

The lowermost division of a classical entablature, resting directly on the column capitals and supporting he frieze.

Answer 97

Achitrave

Question 98

The distinctively treated upper end of a column, pillar, or pier, crowning the shaft and taking the weight of the entablature or architrave.

Answer 98

Capital

Question 99

The central part of a column or pier between the capital and the base.

Answer 99

Shaft

Question 100

The lowermost portion of a wall, column, pier, or other structure, usually distinctively treated and considered as an architectural unit.

Answer 100

Base

Question 101

The horizontal section of a classical order that rests on the columns, usually composed of a cornice, frieze, and architrave.

Answer 101

Entablature

Question 102

A cylindrical support in classical architecture, consisting of a capital, shaft and usually base, either monolithic or built up of drums the full diameter of the shaft.

Answer 102

Column

Question 103

A construction upon which a column, statue, memorial shaft, or the like, is elevated, usually consisting of a base, a dado, and a cornice or cap.

Answer 103

Pedestal

Question 104

The part of a pedestal between the base and the cornice or cap.

Answer 104

Dado

Question 105

Any of five styles of classical architecture - Doric, ionic, corinthian, tuscan, and composite - characterized by the type and arrangement of columns and entablatures employed.

Answer 105

Order

Question 106

The oldest and simplest of the five classical orders, developed in Greence in the 7th century BCE and later imitated by the Romans.

Answer 106

Doric order

Question 107

One of the vertical blocks separating the metopes in a Doric frieze, typically having two vertical grooves or glyphs on its face, and two chambers or hemiglyphs at the sides.

Answer 107

Triglyph

Question 108

Any of the panels, either plain or decorated, between triglyphs in the Doric frieze.

Answer 108

Metope

Question 109

A raised band or fillet separating the frieze from the architrave on a Doric entablature.

Answer 109

Taenia

Question 110

The flat slab forming the top of a column capital, plain in the Doric style, but molded or otherwise enriched in other styles.

Answer 110

Abacus

Question 111

A decorative motif consisting of a series of long, rounded, parallel grooves, as on the shaft of a classical column.

Answer 111

Fluting

Question 112

The underside of an architectural element, as that of an arch, beam, cornice, or staircase.

Answer 112

Soffit

Question 113

One of a series of small, droplike ornaments, attached to the undersides of the mutules and regulae of a Doric entablature.

Answer 113

Gutta

Question 114

A projecting flat block under the corona of a Doric cornice, corresponding to the modillion of other orders.

Answer 114

Mutule

Question 115

A frieze bearing carved figures of people or animals.

Answer 115

Zophorus

Question 116

That part of the necking between the hypotrachelium and the capital of a classical column.

Answer 116

Trachelium

Question 117

Any member between the capital and the shaft of a classical column.

Answer 117

Hypotrachelium

Question 118

A slight convexity given to a column to correct an optical illusion of concavity if the sides were straight.

Answer 118

Entasis

Question 119

Any of several cylindrical stones laid one above the other to form a column or pier.

Answer 119

Drum

Question 120

A classical order of Roman origin, basically a simplified Roman Doric characterized by an unfluted column and a plain base, capital, and entablature having no decoration other than moldings.

Answer 120

Tuscan Order

Question 121

An ornamental motif for enriching an ovolo or enchinus, consisting of a closely set, alternating series of oval and pointed forms.

Answer 121

Egg and Dart

Question 122

Any of series of closely spaced, small, rectangular blocks forming a molding or projecting beneath the coronas of ionic, Corinthian, and Composite cornice.

Answer 122

Dentil

Question 123

One of the three horizontal bands making up the architrave in the ionic order.

Answer 123

Fascia

Question 124

A base to a classical column, consisting of an upper and a lower torus separated by a scotia between two fillets.

Answer 124

Attic base

Question 125

A deep concave molding between two fillets

Answer 125

Scotia

Question 126

A large convex, semicircular molding, commonly found directly above the plinth of the base of a classical column.

Answer 126

Torus

Question 127

The underlying part of a foliated capital, between the abacus and neck molding.

Answer 127

Bell