History and Introduction

Question 1

Observed a thin slice of cork through a microscope

Answer 1

Robert Hooke

Question 2

honeycomb cavities, or “cells” or “little boxes” resembling what?

Answer 2

monastery cells

Question 3

how many microscopes did Anton van Leeuwenhoek develop? and how many are there remaining?

Answer 3

400 developed, 9 remaining

Question 4

The first to see tiny living organisms in a drop of water

Answer 4

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Question 5

What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek call the tiny living organism he saw?

Answer 5

Animalcules

Question 6

examples of organisms Anton saw under the microscope?

Answer 6

bacteria, protozoa, sperm, and other small animals

Question 7

Life can arise from non-living matter

Answer 7

Spontaneous Generation

Question 8

One of the earliest scholars to articulate the spontaneous generation theory

Answer 8

Aristotle

Question 9

Aristotles’ evidence of spontaneous generation:

Answer 9

Appearance of animals from environments previously devoid of such animals, such as:
1. Sudden appearance of fish in a new puddle of water.
2. Frogs simply seem to appear along the muddy banks of the Nile River in Egypt during annual flooding.
3. Mice appeared among grain stored in barns with thatched roofs; when the roof leaked and the grain moulded, mice appeared.

Question 10

Italian physician who performed an experiment in 1668 to refute spontaneous generation.

Answer 10

Francesco Redi

Question 11

Francesco Redi’s evidence in refuting spontaneous generation.

Answer 11

Maggots could only form when flies were allowed to lay eggs in the meat, and that the maggots were the offspring of flies, not the product of spontaneous generation.

Question 12

Tried to prove spontaneous generation but had a flaw with his experiment (the flask was not sealed and ws exposed to air)

Answer 12

John Needham
(NEEDham NEEDed to fix his experiment)

Question 13

Argued that microbes arose spontaneously in broth from a “life force”

Answer 13

John Needham

Question 14

His experiments with broth aimed to disprove thos of Needham.

Answer 14

Lazzaro Spallanzani

Question 15

It postulates the production of new living organisms from pre-existing life.

Answer 15

Biogenesis Theory

Question 16

Based on the theory that life can only come from life, it refers to any process by which a lifeform can give rise to other life forms.

Answer 16

Biogenesis Theory

Question 17

Had come up with the hypothesis of biogenesis, but could not experimentally prove it.

Answer 17

Rudolf Virchow

Question 18

The second tenet of modern cell theory -
“All cells come from cells”

Answer 18

Omnis cellula e cellula

Question 19

Who popularized the cell theory in an 1855 essay? and what was the title of the essay?

Answer 19

Rudolf Virchow, Cellular Pathology

Question 20

Suggested that the exposure of a broth to air was not introducing a “life force” to the broth but rather airborne microorganisms.

Answer 20

Louis Pasteur

Question 21

Rapid advances led to the establishment of microbiology in this Golden Age of Microbiology.

Answer 21

FIRST Golden Age of Microbiology

Question 22

Discoveries and studies in this golden age include:
1. Agents of many diseases and the role of immunity in preventing and curing disease
2. Chemical Activities of microorganisms
3. Improved the techniques for performing microscopy and culturing microorganisms
4. Developed vaccines and surgical techniques

Answer 22

FIRST Golden Age of Microbiology

Question 23

Theory that states certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms

Answer 23

Germ Theory

Question 24

3 underlying principles of Germ Theory:

Answer 24

1. Microbes can cause illnesses within the body.
2. Microbes (and thus illnesses) can spread from one person to another.
3. A specific microbe exists for each illnesses which will always invoke the same illnesses.

Question 25

Began with the early version of germ theory in 1546

Answer 25

Fracastoro

Question 26

Demonstrated that hand washing reduces perpetual infections in 1847.

Answer 26

Semmelweis

Question 27

Proposed the miasma theory.

Answer 27

Ancient Greeks

Question 28

Demonstrated that cholerea bacteria were transmitted in contaminated drinking water in 1854.

Answer 28

Snow

Question 29

Him and his workers determined causative agents for many bacterial infections in 876-190.

Answer 29

Koch

Question 30

German physician to prove that bacteria caused disease.

Answer 30

Robert Koch

Question 31

He proved that a bacterium causes anthrax (Bacllus anthracis)

Answer 31

Robert Koch

Question 32

Experimenral steps to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease.

Answer 32

Koch's Postulate

Question 33

invented the small pox vaccine (Ln. "vacca" - cow) by innoculating cowpox

Answer 33

Edward Jenner

Question 34

First method of giving vaccinations.

Answer 34

Nasal Insufflation - by blowing powdered smallpox material, usually scabs, up the nostrils through a silver tube.

Question 35

Golden age of microbiology where the search for substances that could destroy pathogenic microorganisms without damaging the infected animal or human.

Answer 35

SECOND Golden Age of Microbiology

Question 36

Treatment for diseases by using chemical substances

Answer 36

Chemotherapy

Question 37

Chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi act against other microorganisms

Answer 37

Antibiotics

Question 38

Chemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals in the laboratory

Answer 38

Synthetic drugs

Question 39

First synthetic drug

Answer 39

Quinine

Question 40

Where is quinine from?

Answer 40

a component of the bark of the cinchona (quina-quina) tree

Question 41

Was used to treat malaria from as early as the 1600s

Answer 41

Quinine

Question 42

Called the "magic bullet" because it homed in on and destroyed the harmful bacteria that causes syphilis

Answer 42

Salvarsan 6o6

Question 43

Discovered the Salvarsan 6o6

Answer 43

Paul Ehrlich

Question 44

Discovered penicillin in 1928

Answer 44

Alexander Fleming

Question 45

Where is penicillin from?

Answer 45

Penicillium notatum or P. chrysogenum

Question 46

First true antibiotic

Answer 46

Penicillin

Question 47

Antibiotic resistance strategis

Answer 47

1. Alternative enzyme 2. Efflux pumps 3. Inactivating enzymes 4. Targeted alterations

Question 48

new pathogenic bacteria discovered

Answer 48

Bacteriology

Question 49

Discovered the largest bacteria in 1997

Answer 49

Heide Schulz

Question 50

Largest bacteria

Answer 50

Thiomargarita namibiensis

Question 51

agricultural and ecological, including medical

Answer 51

Mycology

Question 52

infestations among immunosuppressed patients

Answer 52

Parasitology

Question 53

Vaccine availability

Answer 53

Immunology

Question 54

Was discovered in 1960, released by cells infected with a virus

Answer 54

Interferons

Question 55

relationship between genes and enzymes

Answer 55

George W. Beadle and Edward L. Tatum

Question 56

DNA as a hereditary material

Answer 56

Oswald Avery, Colin McLeod, and Maclyn McCarty

Question 57

Genetic material could be transferred from one bacterium to another by a process called conjugation.

Answer 57

Joshua Lederberg and Edward L. Tatum

Question 58

structure and replication of DNA

Answer 58

James Watson and Francis Crick

Question 59

Occurence of disease in human population

Answer 59

Epidemiology

Question 60

detailed structure of microorganisms

Answer 60

Morphology

Question 61

microbial function at the cellular and molecular level

Answer 61

Physiology

Question 62

indetification, naming, and classification of microorganisms

Answer 62

Taxonomy

Question 63

Interrelationships between microbes and the environment; the roles of microorganisms in the nutrient cycles and natural ecosystems

Answer 63

Microbial Ecology

Question 64

function of genetic material and biochemical reactions that make up a cell's metabolism

Answer 64

Microbial genetics, Molecular Biology