History and Philosophy of Science Flashcards
(79 cards)
1
Q
A theoretical explanation of the subject of inquiry and the methodological process of sustaining knowledge in a discipline (Parse, 1997).
A
Science
2
Q
A way of explaining observed phenomena as well as a system of gathering, verifying and systematizing information about reality (Streubert-Speziale & carpenter, 2003).
A
Science
3
Q
Knowledge about or study of the natural world based on facts learned through experiments and observation.
A
Science
4
Q
What are the Characteristics of Science?
[Familiarize only!]
A
- Objectivity
- Verifiability
- Ethical Neutrality
- Systematic Exploration
- Reliability
- Precision
- Accuracy
- Abstractness
- Predictability
5
Q
What are the Classification of Science?
A
- Natural Sciences
- Basic or Pure Sciences
- Human or Social Sciences
- Practice or Applied Sciences
6
Q
What Classification of Science is this?
Examples: Chemistry, Physics, Biology, Physiology, Geology, Meteorology
A
Natural Sciences
7
Q
What Classification of Science is this?
Examples: Mathematics, Logic, Chemistry, Physics, English (language)
A
Basic or Pure Sciences
8
Q
What Classification of Science is this?
Examples: Psychology, Anthropology, Sociology, Economics, Political Science, History, Religion
A
Human or Social Sciences
9
Q
What Classification of Science is this?
Examples: Architecture, Engineering, Medicine, Pharmacology, Law
A
Practice or Applied Sciences
10
Q
What are the Ways of Knowing?
A
- Empirics
- Personal knowledge
- Esthetics
- Moral or Ethical knowledge
- Intuitive Knowledge
- Somatic Knowledge
- Metaphysical (Spiritual) Knowledge
REMEMBER THE ACRONYM EPEMISM
11
Q
It is the Scientific form of knowing; comes from observation, testing and replication.
A
Empirics
12
Q
“Priori knowledge”; pertains to knowledge gained from thought alone.
A
Personal Knowledge
13
Q
Related to beauty, harmony & expressions; it incorporate art, creativity & values.
A
Esthetics
14
Q
Knowledge of what is right & wrong.
A
Moral or Ethical Knowledge
15
Q
Includes feelings & hunches, it is not guessing, but relies on non-conscious pattern of recognition & experience.
A
Intuitive Knowledge
16
Q
Knowing of the body in relation to physical movement, includes experiential use of muscles & balance to perform a physical task.
A
Somatic Knowledge
17
Q
Seeking the presence of higher power, magic, miracles, psychokinesis, & near-death experience.
A
Metaphysical (Spiritual) Knowledge
18
Q
What are the Branches of Knowledge?
A
- Idealism
- Rationalism
- Constructivism
19
Q
Knowledge is innate or not based on experience.
A
Idealism
20
Q
- Knowledge is based on reason and empirical evidence.
- “Priori reasoning”
A
Rationalism
21
Q
Knowledge is constructed.
A
Constructivism
22
Q
It is also known as “priori reasoning”.
- Makes use of reason gained thru expert study, tested theory and established facts to evidently prove something.
- Emphasizes the use of reasoning for the main purpose of knowing the harm or benefits of an act to an individual.
A
Rationalism
23
Q
Under rationalism,
It is used to generate rationalist view which starts from the general to specific knowledge.
- An example can be the use of Evidence-Based Nursing and Nursing Research that make use of a general or broad concept that needs to be studied and understand thru different supplemental materials.
- Theory-then-Research strategy
A
Deductive type of reasoning
24
Q
It is also known as “posteriori reasoning”.
It makes use of objective and tangible data or those that are perceived by the senses (smell, sight, taste and feeling) to observe and collect data (sensory experience).
A
Empiricism
25
Under empiricism,
* It is used to formulate general knowledge from specific facts. **[Specific to General]**
* Is highly important in the **assessment of patients** all throughout the entire nursing process.
* **Research-Then-Theory Strategy.**
Inductive type of reasoning
26
What is the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning?
* **Inductive** - THEORY → HYPOTHESIS →PATTERN → OBSERVATION
* **Deductive** - THEORY → HYPOTHESIS → OBSERVATION → CONFIRMATION
27
Perspective / lens
Way one views the world
In advanced practice
* View point utilized with each patient counter
* Becomes a paradigm and point of reference
**A study of problems that are ultimate, abstract, and general. These problems are concerned with the nature of science, knowledge, morality, reason, and human response (Teichman & Evans, 1999).**
Philosophy
28
What are the **Branches of Philosophy** according to (Blackburn 1994, Teichman & Evanc, 1999)?
* Metaphysics
* Ontology
* Logic
* Epistemology
* Cosmology
* Ethics (Axiology)
* Aesthetics
* Philosophy of Science
* Political Philosophy
*REMEMBER THE ACRONYM **MOLE CEAPP***
29
It is the Study of the fundamental nature of reality and existence (general theory of reality).
Metaphysics
30
Study of the theory of being.
Ontology
31
Study of principles & methods of reasoning.
Logic
32
Study of Knowledge (ways of knowing, nature of truth, and relationship between knowledge and belief).
Epistemology
33
Study of physical universe.
Cosmology
34
Study of values; right and wrong (moral philosophy)
Ethics (Axiology)
35
Study of appreciation of the arts or things that are beautiful.
Aesthetics
36
Study of science and scientific practice.
Philosophy of Science
37
Study of citizen and state.
Political Philosophy
38
||▷ Where philosophy and science meet
||▷ Provide new perspective through which to:
* Examine body of knowledge
* Examine approach to study of Knowledge base
||▷ Nursing's responsibility
* View philosophy from perspective of:
* * Nurse as scientist, care provider, patient/family/society
Philosophy of science
39
MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS:
* The use of experimentation to gain new knowledge emerged during this period as nurses strive to base their actions on evidence and scientific data.
* **Positivism** - encloses the use of both logical reasoning and empiricism, became prevalent during this year in the discovery of truth for the development of science.
* **Empirical and objective data** - co-exist as the focus of interest of study as one of each need to be tested in order to determine as to what is true or what is not.
* As a result of the different point of views during this period, the growth of new scientific knowledge commenced.
* This is evident with the emergence of radical thinking - **rationalism and empiricism.**
A. Nursing Science & Theory in the Early 19th Century
B. Nursing Science & Theory in the Early 20th Century
B. Nursing Science & Theory in the Early 20th Century
40
Encloses the use of both logical reasoning and empiricism, became prevalent during this year in the discovery of truth for the development of science.
Positivism
41
Co-exist as the focus of interest of study as one of each need to be tested in order to determine as to what is true or what is not.
Empirical and objective data
42
The substitutive discipline-specific knowledge that focuses on the human-universe-health process articulated in the nursing frameworks & theories (Barret, 2002).
Nursing Science
43
* Skills, tasks, activities of practice
* Cognitive skills / activities
* Advanced education / knowledge base
* Context of practice / inquiry / knowledge
Evolution of nursing science
44
→ Refine knowledge base
* Higher education to develop unique body of knowledge
→Delineating of discipine of professional nursing
* Identify nature of nursing – structure and boundaries
* Borrowed knowledge vs. unique knowledge
→ Emergence of nursing science
* Focus of theory development
* Concept development / analysis
Nursing as a discipline
45
A statement of foundational and universal assumptions, belief and principles about the nature of knowledge and thought and about the nature of entities represented in the metaparadigm (Reed, 1995)
Nursing Philosophy
46
* Helps to establish the meaning of science through an understanding & examination of nursing concepts, theories, laws, & aims as they relate to nursing practice.
* It seems to understand the truth.
* To describe nursing.
* To examine prediction and causality.
* To critically relate theories, models, and scientific systems.
* To explore determinism and free will.
Philosophy of Science in Nursing
47
Levels of Nursing Theory
ABSTRACT ↔ SPECIFIC
Nursing Metaparadigm
Grand Theories
Middle-Range Theories
Practice-Level Theories
48
* Levels
* Development
* Testing
* Refinement
Theory Development
49
→ Concepts and Definition
* Concepts
* Theoretical definitions of concept
* Operational definitions of concept
→ Relational Statements
* Theoretical statements
* Operational statements
→ Linkages and Ordering
* Linkages of theoretical statements
* Linkages of operational statements
* Organization of concepts and definitions into primitive and derived terms
* Organization of statements and Linkages into premises and derived hypotheses and equations
THEORY DEVELOPMENT
50
Describe and classify phenomena
Concepts
51
Establish meaning
Theoretical definitions of concept
52
Provide measurement
Operational definitions of concept
53
Relate concepts to one another permit analysis.
Theoretical statements
54
Relate concepts to measurements
Operational statements
55
Provide rationale of why theoretical statements are linked; add plausibility
Linkages of theoretical statements
56
Provide rationale for how measurement variables are linked; permit testability.
Linkages of operational statements
57
Eliminates overlap (tautology)
Organization of concepts and definitions into primitive and derived terms
58
Eliminates inconsistency
Organization of statements and Linkages into premises and derived hypotheses and equations
59
Who are the Nursing Theorist of Historical Significance?
* Virginia Henderson
* Jean Watson
* Dorothea Orem
* Imogene King
* Sister Callista Roy
* Hildegard Peplau
* Ida Orlando
* Madeleine Leininger
60
* The "Unique function of the nurse... is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or a peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge."
* Nurse's role = substitute for the patient, a helper to the patient or a partner with the patient.
* 14 basic needs of the patient
Virginia Henderson
61
Substitute for the patient, a helper to the patient or a partner with the patient.
Nurse's role
62
* Studied at CU
* *The Philosophy and Science of Caring (1979)*
* Emphasized the caring aspects of nursing
* 10 Carative factors; these factors differentiate nursing from medicine (curative)
* Illness or disease equated with lack of harmony within the mind, body, and soul
* RN responsible for creating and maintaining an environment supporting human caring while recognizing and providing for patient's primary human requirements.
Jean Watson
63
→ Proposed that nursing be concerned with spiritual matters and the inner knowledge of nurse and patient as they participate together in the **transpersonal caring** process
* Nurses share their genuine self
* Patient's spiritual strength is recognize, supported, encouraged
* RN encourages openness to understanding of self and others
* Leads to trusting, accepting relationships where feelings are shared and confidence is inspired
Jean Watson
64
→ Concept of self-care
→ "Ordinary people in contemporary society want to be in control of their lives."
→ Patient's baseline ability to provide adequate self-care is assessed
→ Systems of care
* Wholly compensatory
* Partially compensatory
* Supportive-educative
Dorothea Orem
65
→ *A Theory for Nursing: Systems, Concepts, Process* (1981)
→ Focused on persons, their interpersonal relationships, and social contexts with three interacting systems
* Personal
* Interpersonal
* Social
→ Emphasizes goal attainment and patient's involvement in setting goals (Goal Attainment Model)
Imogene King
66
* *Introduction of Nursing: An Adaptation Model* (second edition 1984)
* Individual as a biopsychosocial adaptive system
* Nursing is a humanistic discipline that emphasizes the person's adaptive and coping abilities
* The environment can be manipulated by the RN to further patient's adaptation
Sister Callista Roy
67
→ *Interpersonal Relations in Nursing* (1952 & 1988)
→ Relationship between patient and nurse is the focus of attention
→ Therapeutic interpersonal relationship
* Survival of the patient
* Patient's understand his or her health problems and learn from them as they develop new behavior patterns
→ 6 roles of the nurse: counselor, resource, teacher, technical, expert, surrogate, and leader
Hildegard Peplau
68
What are the **6 Roles of the nurse** according to Hildegard Peplau?
* Counselor
* Resource
* Teacher
* Technical expert
* Surrogate
* Leader
(CRT - TSL)
69
* *The Dynamic Nurse-Patient Relationship: Function, Process and Principles* (1961)
* Observation and confirmation of patients' verbal and non-verbal behavior, which identify patient needs
* Goal of the nurse is to determine and meet patients' immediate needs and improve their situation by relieving distress or discomfort
* Individualize care by attending to behavior
Ida Orlando
70
* Theory of cultural care
* Founder of Transcultural nursing
* Patients viewed in the context of their cultures
* Nursing care should be culturally congruent
* "Sunrise Model guides the assessment of cultural data for an understanding of its influence on the patient's life"
Madeleine Leininger
71
Theory-Based Education (4)
* PhD
* Master's
* BSN
* ADN
72
A research degree that generates new, discipline-specific knowledge.
**PhD** (Doctor of Philosophy)
73
Use theoretical perspectives focused on the patient for specific nursing outcomes; base practice on evidence from research & experience.
Master's
74
Introduced to research process & the use of theory to guide it.
BSN
75
Find middle range theories useful as they are specific to patient care.
**ADN** (Associate Degree in Nursing)
76
* Occurs when nurses intentionally structure their practice around a particular nursing theory and use it to guide them in their care of the patient.
* Provides a systematic way of thinking about nursing that is consistent and guides the decision-making process.
* Challenges conventional views of patients, illness, the health care delivery system, and traditional nursing interventions
Theory-Based Practice
77
* Explain practice to others
* Passes on knowledge to students
* Contributes to professional autonomy
* Develops analytical skills, challenges thinking, and clarifies your values and assumptions
Benefits
78
* Great strides have been made in the last 25 years in Nursing research
* Nursing research tests and refines the knowledge base of nursing
* Research findings enable nurses to improve the quality of care and understand how evidence-based nursing influences patient outcomes.
* Research is vital to the future of nursing and theory is integral to research.
Theory-Based Research
79
It is vital to the future of nursing and theory is integral to it.
Research
