HISTORY AND URINE COMPOSITION,AND HANDLING Flashcards
(52 cards)
References to the study of urine can be found in
the drawings of cavemen and in
Egyptian hieroglyphics, such
as the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus.
Pictures of early physicians commonly showed them examining a
bladder-shaped
flask of urine
Many well-known names in the history of medicine arE associated with the study of urine, including ______, who,
in the ______, wrote a book on “uroscopy.”
Many well-known names in the history of medicine are
associated with the study of urine, including Hippocrates, who,
in the 5th century BCE, wrote a book on “uroscopy.”
`, physicians concentrated their efforts very intensively on the art of uroscopy, receiving instruction in urine examination as part of their training
During the Middle Ages
, color
charts had been developed that described the significance of
20 different colors
By 1140 CE
Chemical testing progressed from
“_____” and “_________” for glucose to______ discovery in 1694 of _______ by boiling urine
Chemical testing progressed from
“ant testing” and “taste testing” for glucose to Frederik Dekkers’s
discovery in 1694 of albuminuria by boiling urine
became the subject of a book published by Thomas Bryant in 1627.
“pisse prophets,”
became the subject of a book published by
Thomas Bryant in 1627
“pisse prophets,”
The invention of the microscope in the 17th century led
to the examination of urinary sediment and to the development by __________ of methods for quantitating the microscopic sediment.
Thomas Addis
introduced the concept of urinalysis
as part of a doctor’s routine patient examination in 1827.
Richard Bright
Two unique characteristics of a urine specimen account
for this continued popularity
- A urine specimen is readily available and easily collected
- Urine contains information, which can be obtained by
inexpensive laboratory tests, about many of the body’s major metabolic functions.
defines
urinalysis as “the testing of urine with procedures commonly
performed in an expeditious, reliable, accurate, safe, and cost effective manner.”
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)
The reasons for performing urinalysis identified by CLSI include
- aiding in the diagnosis of disease,
- screening asymptomatic populations for undetected disorders,
- monitoring the progress of disease and the effectiveness of therapy.
The kidneys continuously form urine as an
ultrafiltrate of
plasma
Reabsorption of water and filtered substances essential
to body function converts approximately __________________
depending on fluid intake.
170,000 mL of
filtered plasma to the average daily urine output of 1200 mL,
Urine is normally ????? although considerable variations in the
concentrations of these solutes can occur due to the influence
of factors such as ???
Urine is normally 95%
water and 5% solutes, although considerable variations in the
concentrations of these solutes can occur due to the influence
of factors such as dietary intake, physical activity, body metab
olism, and endocrine functions.
metabolic waste product produced in the liver
from the breakdown of protein and amino acids
urea
accounts for nearly half of the total dissolved solids in urine
urea
organic substance found in urine
Other organic substances include primarily creatinine and uric acid.
major inorganic solid dissolved in urine is
chloride, fol
lowed by sodium and potassium.
greatly influences the concentra
tions of these inorganic compounds, making it difficult to
establish normal levels.
Dietary intake
urine also may contain formed elements, such as
cells, casts, crystals, mucus, and bacteria.
are
significantly higher in urine than in other body fluids.
Creatinine, urea, sodium, and chloride
re not present in a normal urine specimen.
Protein
and glucose a
