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History Before 1750 Flashcards

(84 cards)

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1
Q

Pax Romana

A

Roman Peace

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2
Q

Diocletian

A

Started the Great Christian Persecution in Rome

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3
Q

Tetrarchy

A

Rule by four. The Roman government was split into four parts. Each part had an Augustus (Governor), and Caesar (Vice-Governor)

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4
Q

Constantine

A

Ended Christian persecution with the Edict of Milan. Gave land to the church.

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5
Q

Latifundia

A

Wealthy Elite. They gain power and Roman Empire becomes many city states.

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6
Q

Barbarians

A

German peoples who always fought with Rome. They just wanted to be a part of Rome to avoid fighting with Genghis Khan.

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7
Q

Battle of Adrianople

A

First time a Roman army lost. Also the first time a Roman emperor died in battle. Romans were always told that their emperors were immortal in battle.

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8
Q

Odoacer

A

Barbarian who kills the last Roman Emperor.

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9
Q

Romulus Augustus

A

The last Western Roman Emperor

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10
Q

Byzantine Empire

A

Eastern Roman Empire. Capital was in Constantinople. Stood much longer than the Western Roman Empire did.

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11
Q

King Herod

A

He was a proxy King in Judea. He had all first born sons killed in order totry to kill baby Jesus

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12
Q

Sadducees

A

A Jewish group that were very conservative. They believed heavily in worshiping Temples. They did not like new ideas such as angels and resurrection.

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13
Q

Pharisees

A

A Jewish group that rejected the Roman world and emphasized private observance. Wanted complete separation from non-Jews. Believed in angels and resurrection.

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14
Q

Zealots

A

Anarchists. They were a Jewish group that wanted to revolt against Rome. They wanted to be their own separate state.

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15
Q

Essenes

A

Withdrew from society. Created their own societies to live pure lives.

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16
Q

Dead Sea Scrolls

A

Scrolls that give the historical context of the Bible. They tell of the evolution of Judaism and fractures in the Jewish Community. They also say that Jews believed in and prayed for a Messiah to save them

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17
Q

Messiah

A

Jews prayed for a Messiah, who they thought would be either a political leader or a spiritual leader/savior. Would bring a kingdom of righteousness to Earth.

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18
Q

Jesus of Nazareth

A

His teachings personified the environment of the time. He appealed to the poor and had some of the same qualities as the Essenes. Romans didn’t like that Jesus was stirring things up between them and the Jews so they sentenced him to death. They posted INRI (here is Jesus, King of Jews) on his cross. The Romans thought that Jesus was trying to be a political leader to the Jews.

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19
Q

Apostles

A

The 12 Apostles take Jesus’ message to the Roman world. Christianity had not been formed or organized at all yet. Peter and Paul were killed and Paul was crucified upside-down because he didn’t feel that he was worthy to die like Jesus.

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20
Q

Pontius Pilate

A

Sentenced Jesus to death

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21
Q

Great Persecution

A

Diocletian’s great massacre of Christians. All places of worship were burn’t down and priests and bishops were arrested. This persecution caused the Christians to unify and this set the structure of Christianity.

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22
Q

Battle of Milvian Bridge

A

Roman battle won because of the crosses painted on their shields. Constantine believed in Christianity after this.

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23
Q

Edict of Milan

A

Constantine made Christianity legal.

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24
Q

Empress Helena

A

She found many Christian artifacts and brought them from Jerusalem to Rome.

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25
Council of Nicaea
Had a debate about the Holy Trinity. Created the "I believe in one God, creator of Heaven and Earth. I believe in the Holy Catholic Church..." They also chose which books would be in the Bible.
26
Theodosius I
Made Christianity the state religion in Rome.
27
Muhammad
Muhammad was the great communicator. He ended a big fight at the Ka'ba as to who got to put the "Black Stone" back in the Ka'ba. Muhammad became a prophet when the Angel Gabriel told him a message from God. Muhammad didn't spread his message until his family convinced him to.
28
Mecca
A city that the tribes in the area would not fight at. The Ka'ba was kept in this city. It was a central trade route for the region.
29
Ka'ba
A box in Mecca that housed all of the tribal icons. This was the reason that they could not fight in Mecca.
30
Khadijah
Muhammad's wife that owned a trade business. She proposed to Muhammad.
31
People of the Book
Muslim literally means "People of the Book"
32
Divine Unity
There is a divine truth that transcends the Earth. There is only One God, not the trinity that Christians believe in.
33
Quran
The Holy Book of Muslims. Written by Muhammad's followers. It is a word for word text of what Gabriel told Muhammad. It is meant for spiritual leading and teaching. It is forbidden to be translated into any other language.
34
Yathrib
City that changed it's name to Medina "City of the Prophet".
35
Hijra
Journey of Muhammad's followers to Medina. Start of the Muslim Calendar
36
Hajj
Journey to Mecca that every Muslim has to do. They have to travel to Mecca and walk around the Ka'ba seven times.
37
Patrick and Boniface
St.Patrick spread Christianity to Ireland. St.Patrick's Day is about Ireland becoming Christian.
38
Charles Martel
Stopped the Muslim expansion into France. The church needed a state to protect them
39
Charlemagne
A great Frank leader. Almost everyone in Europe tried to cliam that he was part of their empire. The Catholic Church was very aware of his strength and made it a point to make friends with him
40
Pope Leo III
Charlemagne protected him. He survived an assassination attempt and ran to Charlemagne.
41
Holy Roman Empire
Charlemagne was named Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III
42
Umma
Muslim community. They did not need a religious leader but they did need a political leader.
43
Abu Bakr
Muhammad's father-in-law. Created the Caliphs and Caliphates.
44
Caliph and Caliphate
Caliph - Temporal Leader that lead the Umma through day to day operations. Was also the Imam or religious leader Caliphate - A dynasty inside of the Muslim world
45
Rashidun Caliphate
The first Caliphate
46
Umar, Uthman, Ali
Umar was the second Caliph. Uthman was the third Caliph. Ali was the last Caliph even though he was related to Muhammad.
47
Umayyad Caliphate
This Caliphate was formed after the Rashidun Caliphate
48
Sunni and Shi'ite
Muslims split into Sunnis and Shi'ites when Umayyad Caliphate was formed. Sunnis are followers of Uthman. Shi'ites are followers of Ali.
49
Abbasid Caliphate
Moved the capital to Baghdad because of its great trade location, its defensive location, and the fact that they could take ideas from Persian's who had lived there in the past.
50
Harun al-Rashid
Gathered all Greek and Roman writings that they could find and put them into one giant library.
51
Golden Age of Islam
Abbasid Caliphate
52
Seljuk Turks
Created the Turkish Muslim Empire
53
Sultan and Sultanate
Replaced Caliph and Caliphate once the Turks took over
54
Battle of Manzikert
Muslim army gets right up to Byzantine. They couldn't take the city so they build their capital right next to it.
55
Alexius Comnenus
Asks the Western Christians to help him. Turns into the Crusades
56
Pope Urban II
Starts the Crusades
57
Reconquista
The reconquering of the Holy Land
58
Council of Clermont
Council called by Pope Urban. Started the first crusade
59
Peter the Hermit
Persuaded 10's of thousands of Germans to fight in the first crusade.
60
First Crusade
Split between the peoples crusade and nobles crusade
61
Crusader States
States created by people in the Crusades
62
Saladin
Muslim leader who takes back the Holy Land from the Christians after the First Crusade
63
Osman Bey
Leader of the Osman People (Ottoman Turks). His name literally means "Bone Breaker"
64
Ghazis
Warriors of the faith. Their mission was to spread Islam, even by force.
65
Devshirme
Muslims could either become public servants (Vaseer) or a military person (Janisary)
66
Mehmet the Conqueror
Muslim Sultan who finally conquered Constantinople
67
Fall of Constantinople
Mehmet cut off Constantinople from trade and then carried his ships over land to get to the water right by the city.
68
Suleiman the Magnificent
Named after Solomon in the Bible. Tried to expand the Muslim Empire into Europe.
69
Battle of Mohacs
Suleiman slaughtered Louis II in battle. Ottomans became predominant leader in Eastern Europe
70
Siege of Vienna
Suleiman's last expansion attempt. The weather was against him
71
Age of Discovery
Product of the conflict between Christians and Muslims. 1. Created a global market 2. Found the new world
72
God, Gold, and Glory
Motivations for the age of discovery
73
Portolani
Early Cartography
74
Compass and Astrolabe
Lead to Cartography
75
Caravel
Ships with triangle sails. Could turn faster
76
Henry the Navigator
Created a school for sailing in Portugal. He wanted to explore Africa so that he could find a long lost Christian colony
77
Bartolomeu Dias
First to sail around the Cape of Good Hope
78
Vasco da Gama
First to sail to India. Sailed far out into the Atlantic instead of sticking to the coast. Created Sea trade instead of using the Silk Road
79
Feitorias
A Portuguese system of building trade posts on the coast of Africa and not going into the interior. Made it possible to have expansive trade networks without having a lot of people.
80
Christopher Columbus
Sailed to Caribbean islands. Thought he was in Japan and refused even on his death bed that he had found the new world.
81
Enterprise of the Indies
Columbus said it would be faster to go east to get west but Spain turned him down.
82
King Isabella
Was actually a Queen that forced everyone to call her King. She was "King" of Spain
83
Pope Alexander VI
Gave everything east of his imaginary line to the Spanish and everything west to Portugal
84
Treaty of Tordesillas
Fixed the unfairness of the imaginary line

History (1 decks)

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