History EoY - Paper 2 Revision Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
When was the Battle of Hastings?
A
1066
2
Q
What was The Harrying of The North?
A
This was when William sent soldiers to kill everyone who had rebelled against him. He destroyed villages and farms around the town of York, burning crops and killing livestock.
3
Q
What were Motte and Bailey Castles?
A
These were some of the earliest castles. They were built by William The Conqueror to secure his territory. They were built on a mound of earth and made of wood.
4
Q
What was an advantage of motte and bailey castles?
A
They could be built quickly.
5
Q
What was a disadvantage of motte and bailey castles?
A
They were vulnerable to fire.
6
Q
What was the Domesday Book?
A
The records of an early example of a census conducted by William to find out how much land and money people had and therefore how much tax they should pay him.
7
Q
What was The Feudal System?
A
The Feudal System was a hierarchical system of social organisation.
8
Q
What was the order of The Feudal System?
A
The King
Barons
Knights
Peasants
9
Q
What language did William want the ruling class to use?
A
French
10
Q
What were Barons’ roles?
A
Barons were given land if they swore they were loyal to William. Barons supplied the King with knights.
11
Q
What were The Knights’ roles and what were they given in return for their service?
A
Barons supplied the King with knights to fight in battles and in turn gave some of their land to the knights, in exchange the knights protected the baron and his family.
12
Q
What were Peasants’ roles?
A
They worked, but did not own, the land.
13
Q
What was William of Normandy also known as?
A
William The Conqueror
14
Q
Who was William of Normandy?
A
He was the first Norman king
of England, ruling England from 1066 - 1087.
15
Q
Nobles
A
Rich landowners of high social status, for example lords & barons.
16
Q
Peasants
A
Poor people of low social status who worked on the land.
17
Q
Conquest
A
Taking control of a place or people by military force.
18
Q
Rebellion
A
A violent protest, often with the aim of removing and replacing a leader.
19
Q
Baron
A
A Norman landowner.
20
Q
Tax
A
A sum of money paid to the government or king.
21
Q
Census
A
An official count or survey, usually of a population.
22
Q
Motte
A
The hill of dirt on which the castle keep was built.
23
Q
Bailey
A
An open area below the castle, surrounded by a wooden fence.
24
Q
Palisade
A
The wooden fence surrounding the bailey.
25
Moat
A ditch filled with water surrounding the castle.
26
Keep
The fortified wooden tower on the motte where the nobles lived.
27
Villein
A peasant who worked for the lord in return for land.
28
Serf
An agricultural labourer bound to his lord by the feudal system.
29
Freemen
Men who were free from most of their feudal duties to a lord.
30
Hierarchy
Where members of society are ranked according to their status.
31
What era did The Norman Conquest take place in?
The Middle Ages
32
What did people think Heaven and Hell were?
Real Places
33
What did people believe about heaven and hell?
They believed that they would go to heaven if they were good, but to hell if they were bad.
34
What did people believe Purgatory was?
This was a place where your sins were weighed and punishments were handed out.
35
What would the biggest building in a village or town normally be?
A Church
36
What was a Church?
It was a place of worship as well as a meeting place for the villagers. A church would have been a lively place full of people, laughter, conversation and activity.
37
Who were most churches run by?
A Local Priest
38
What is a priest?
A man trained to perform religious duties. He was a very important person in the village and played a part in everyoneʼs life from their birth to their death.
39
What were the mandatory skills for a priest to have?
To be able to read and speak Latin.
40
Why did Priests need to be able to read and speak Latin?
Latin was the language in which the Bible was written and in
which church services were held.
41
What were Doom Paintings?
They showed angels welcoming good people into heaven and devils boiling sinners in pots of oil.
42
What services did Monks and Nuns provide on top of their religious duties?
Monks and nuns also provided education, health care, alms and accommodation for travellers.
43
What is an example of The Power Struggle between the church and the monarchy?
The murder of the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket, during the reign of Henry II.
44
The Pope
The head of the Catholic Church.
45
The Archbishop of Canterbury
The most senior position of the Church in England.
46
Christians
People who follow Christianity, a religion based on the life and teaching of Jesus Christ.
47
Thomas Becket
First he was the Chancellor, in charge of the Kingʼs money, later he was appointed to the most senior church role in England.
48
Priest
A man specifically trained to undertake religious duties.
49
Monk/Nun
A member of a religious community of men / women.
50
Alms
Food, clothing or money given to the poorest people by the church.
51
Purgatory
The place between heaven and hell where you are punished for any sins you committed while alive.
52
Pilgrim
A person who travels to a holy place for religious reasons.
53
Pilgrimage
A journey of religious importance.
54
Indulgence
A ʻpassʼ purchased from a bishop to help you go through purgatory quickly.
55
Excommunicated
When someone has been officially excluded from the church.
56
Interdict
If the King disobeyed the Pope the pope could put his kingdom under an interdict, meaning all church services were suspended.
57
Heredy
A crime where you were charged with disagreeing with the church.
58
Tithe
A tenth of the food peasants grew that had to be given to the church.
59
Henry II
Englandʼs king from 1154 - 1189.
60
In which age was the church at its most powerful?
The Middle Ages
61
Cavaliers
The insulting nickname given to the Royalists, who fought for the King during the English Civil Wars; it literally meant “horsemen” but also suggested arrogance.
62
Civil War
A war between two groups in the same country.
63
Commonwealth
Period following the execution of Charles I 1649-1660. England & Scotland were ruled as a Republic.
64
Court of Star Chamber
A special, medieval, law court which sat in secret and needed no evidence or witnesses; Charles I used it to prosecute opponents.
65
Grand Remonstrance
Parliament presents Charles a list 201 complaints about his rule.
66
House of Commons
The lower, elected House of Parliament.
67
Impeachment
Removing someone from power.
68
Interregnum
The period where England had no monarch 1649-60; Latin for ‘between reigns’.
69
Laudian Reforms
Changes made by William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, introducing more ceremony, decorations etc; to Puritans it looked Popish (Catholic).
70
Levellers
Radical members of Cromwell’s army who wanted every man to have the vote, religious freedom and that elections be held every two years.
71
Lord Protector
The title given to the Head of State between 1653 and 1659 (Oliver Cromwell, then his son Richard in 1658).
72
MP
Member of Parliament, elected to the House of Commons.
73
New Model Army
Full-time, highly-disciplined, professional army set up by Thomas Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell; Puritan in make-up; vital in defeating Charles.
74
Non-conformist
A protestant who did not comply with the established Church of England.
75
Parliamentarian
Supporter of Parliament during the English Civil Wars 1642-9.
76
Personal Rule
The period where Charles I ruled without Parliament 1629-40.
77
Prorogue
When someone in power discontinues a parliamentary session without formally dissolving it.
78
Protectorate
1653-59; Cromwell ruled as Lord Protector with a Parliament advising him.
79
Puritans
Strict Puritans who thought the Church of England had not gone far enough in removing popish (Catholic) elements; they wanted a purified Church.
80
Regicide
The act of killing a monarch, or one who kills a monarch.
81
Republic
A country without a monarch.
82
Roundheads
The insulting nickname given to those who fought for Parliament had the nickname; many Puritans wore their hair very short / closely cropped.
83
Royal Perogative
Customary rights & privileges which the Tudor monarchs claimed were due to them e.g. the power to declare war.
84
Ship Money
Tax traditionally only be levied (charged) on coastal towns in times of war, to pay for the navy; Charles levied the tax during peacetime in coastal towns (1634) then across the country (1635) without Parliamentary consent.
85
Stuarts
The ruling family of England 1603-49 & 1660-1714.
86
Treason
Betraying your country / an attempt to overthrow or kill the monarch.
87
1610
James Stuart (VI) of Scotland also becomes King of England (James I) He fought with Parliament largely about money - he closed Parliament for 10 years.
88
1625
*Charles married Henrietta Maria.
89
1629 - 1640
The Personal Rule or 11 Years of Tyranny.
90
1633
Charles appoints William Laud as Archbishop of Canterbury which annoys many people.
91
1635
Charles orders everyone to pay Ship Money.
92
1637
Charles imposes the English Prayer book on the Scottish.
93
1639
The Scots invade England.
94
1641
The Grand Remonstrance.
95
1642
Charles tries to arrest the 5 MP’s.
King Charles leaves London for Oxford and then raises his standard at Nottingham.
96
Charles I
Protestant King: 1635 - 1649
97
Henrietta Maria
Daughter of Henry IV of France, Catholic, Queen, Wife to Charles I.
98
William Laud
Initiated reforms in the Church that were hated by Puritans. Archbishop of Canterbury.
99
Charles II
Son of Charles I. Restored the monarchy in 1660.
100
I which era did The English Revolution take place?
The Early Modern Era
101
Agriculture
The process of producing food and fibres by farming of certain plants or raising animals.
102
Back-to-back Housing
A row of houses built very close together with no room for a garden.
103
Canal
A long, narrow, man made channel of water use for transport. Most canals in Britain were built between 1761 and 1830 during ‘canal mania’.
104
Cholera
An infectious bacterial disease caused by infected water leading to severe vomiting and diarrhoea.
105
Domestic System
A system where people worked in their homes or small workshops rather than factories.
106
Entrepreneur
Business people who are prepared to take risks.
107
Factory System
A system where people worked in factories to mass produce goods for profits. This replaced the domestic system.
108
Faeces
Waste discharged from the bowels, excrement.
109
Life Expectancy
An average on how long someone lives.
110
Manufacture
To make goods in a factory.
111
Mechanisation
The act or process of using machines in order to replace human labour.
112
Mine
An excavation in the earth to remove raw materials.
113
Mortality Rate
The number of deaths in a given area or period or from a particular cause.
114
Pauper Apprentice
A very poor person.
115
Overseer
Like a manager, in charge of the workers on a day to day basis.
116
Privy
Toilet in a small shed outside of a house/building.
117
Public Health
The health of a nation. Usually under government regulation and controls.
118
Raw Material
Any material, such as oil, cotton, or sugar, in its natural condition, before it has been processed for use.
119
Sanitation
The system that disposes with sewage which is human waste.
120
Steam Engine
An engine that uses steam to power it.
121
Terraced Housing
Typically a house formed in a continuous row.
122
Typhoid
An infectious disease spread by contaminated water or food.
123
Tuberculosis
An infectious disease characterised by growths in the tissues of the lungs.
124
Urbanisation
The process where large numbers of people move to urban areas creating larger towns and cities.
125
Workhouse
Public institution where the poor were housed in exchange for tedious work.
126
Locomotive
An engine used to pull passenger carriages or trucks.
127
1712
Newcomen builds his first functioning steam engine to pump water out of mines.
128
1761
Opening of Bridgewater Canal.
129
1769
Arkwright invents the water frame.
130
1775
Arkwright sets up the Cromford factory.
131
1781
Watt builds his more efficient steam engine using a rotation method.
132
1829
The Rocket was the only locomotive to successfully complete the Rainhill trials, averaging 12 mph and achieving a top speed of 30 mph.
133
1831
Faraday discovers how to generate electricity.
134
1860
Ada Lovelace’s plans result in Babbage's ‘calculating machine’.
135
1866
Telegraph wire laid beneath the Atlantic Ocean.
136
1900
Life expectancy is now 50 years old.
137
Richard Arkwright
Inventor & Entrepreneur
138
James Watt
Scottish Engineer
139
George Stephenson
Inventor
140
Michael Faraday
Scientist
141
Ada Lovelace
Mathematician & Programmer
142
Alexander Graham Bell
Inventor
143
When did The Industrial take place?
1750 - 1900
144
In which age did The Industrial Revolution take place?
Age of Industry and Empire
