History Exam 1 Flashcards
Columbian exchange
• Named after Christopher Columbus
• The exchange of items between the old and new world and how it changes the planet
○ I.E. bringing in and trying authentic food from another country
• They traded things like sweet potatoes, squash, tomatoes, catfish, armadillo, rattle snake, black panther, and some Native American Indians
• Europeans are bringing things over to America really for themselves because they are wanting to settle there
• Europeans bring wheat, oats, bananas, barley, a horse, cows (for milk), sheep(for wool), goats (goats milk and cheese), and coffee to America
Columbian exchange disease
• Disease also comes over to the Americas through this exchange by the Europeans
○ 75 and 95% of humans over in the U.S. were killed by the diseases brought over by the Europeans
○ Closer to 100 million people die
○ 95% of the Mayans were killed within 3 years of being exposed to the Europeans
○ Typhus, Small pox, Measles, Syphilis, different types of Influenza
○ In 75 years the population went from 1 million people outside of Santa Domingo, to a population of 500 people
The death of this many people eventually pushes to the slave trade
Exploration and Empire date
1492-1584
Early English America date
1584-1689
Why was there British Colonization?
I. People went to America to do it for Britain, and help them settle and create a colony
i. Jamestown and Roanoke Colony
II. Britain was getting too crowded
III. There was not much farm land left in Britain, so if they went to the “New World” they could basically have as much farm land as they wanted
IV. Criminals
V. People who were wanting to start their lives over
VI. Religious Freedom
i. There was massive Religious Persecution against other religions
ii. People who did not like the Protestant Church in Great Britain left and went to America
iii. Great Britain had no problem with the Puritans leaving to go to America (they were similar to the Protestants but different at the same time)
VII. 40-45% of the people died just trying to get on the way over
What are the three different types of colonies?
royal colony, proprietorship colony, and self-governed colony
Royal Colony
controlled by the crown (appointed a royal governor to rule locally)
Proprietorship Colony
owned by individual (or individuals) who pays money/taxes to the crown
Self-governed Colony
controlled by a company and a tax paid to the crown
Roanoke Island is located where? And established when?
North Carolina, 1584
Roanoke Island
- first colony established by the crown, tried to keep it a secret because it failed
- Roanoke colony was gone when the British went back to America to visit them, and they tried to keep it a secret because it is embarrassing
Jamestown Colony is located where? And established when?
Virginia, 1607
Jamestown
• It is the first royal colony
• By 1660 there were 60,000 at the Virginia colony
• A mercantilism business, it was not a colony established based on religious freedom or etc…
• Sponsored by the British government
• They barely survived the first winter and then more people came over and with the help of Captain John Smith, he turned it into like a fort, with walls and etc…
• During that first winter the Jamestown people had to turn to cannibalism to survive
• Jamestown was an example how the Crown was going to be running all of the other colonies, and all the problems that the colonies were going to have with the British government
• British government wanted more people to go over to the New World and they needed something to entice people to go over there, which was indentured servitude
○ Indentured servitude- The British Government had people sign a contract to work the tobacco fields at the Virginia colony
Jamestown and Tobacco
○ Virginia was the biggest tobacco colony until the North and South Carolina’s came about
○ The more tobacco you plant the more land you need. Tobacco takes all the nutrients out of the soil/depletes the land, so you can only reuse the same piece of land to grow tobacco every other year
○ The Europeans were expanding so they pushed the Indians out of their land and there were fights that happened
○ John Rolfe comes in and makes the Virginia colony a huge tobacco colony, he took some tobacco from the Caribbean and then the type of tobacco that the Indians grow and combining it to make it not as strong as the kind of tobacco that the Indians make
○ Needed more laborers to work the tobacco fields, which is where indentured servitude comes into play
○ A lot of the people that signed the contracts to be indentured servants decided to get into the fur trade, which is illegal under British law and once the British government found out they want to put an end to it
§ It was illegal because the British Government didn’t want their people to deal with the Indians and the French
John Smith
• Jamestown is Britain’s second colony and it is the most successful colony by far
• It is an example of how Britain is going to run their other colonies
• Jamestown barely makes it through the winter of 1607
○ They turned into cannibles
○ Captain John Smith comes and helps them get through the winter by planting crops and etc…
• They barely survived the first winter and then more people came over and with the help of Captain John Smith, he turned it into like a fort, with walls and etc…
The Headright System
• Another way that the British government enticed people to come over to the New World colonies is the headright system
○ So example:
-Husband and wife each get 50 acres, and each child will get 10 acres
○ Maryland offers the best deal, 150 acres per person
○ This was the best deal to get families to want to go to the colonies and it was the best way to get a colony up and running and populated quickly
Indentured Servitude
• British government wanted more people to go over to the New World and they needed something to entice people to go over there, which was indentured servitude
○ Indentured servitude- The British Government had people sign a contract to work the tobacco fields at the Virginia colony
• The first African ever brought to the colonies was in 1619 and he was an indentured servant, and he was brought over by the Dutch
Bacon’s Rebellion date
1675-76
Bacon’s Rebellion
• Nathaniel Bacon and some of the other indentured servants decided to burn down Jamestown because Berkeley told them no that they can’t participate in the fur trade
• The British Government finds out what happened and they send over troops to help William Berkeley
• The Rebellion fails, but it does huge things, it shows the real problem between the separation between the government overseas and the colonies. It also shows that indentured servitude does not work.
• The British Government sees that indentured servitude did not work which is when they decided to resort to slavery and bringing people over from Africa to work as slaves
• During this rebellion the first university was burned down, it was named after an Indian tribe
○ It was established around 1617
The Development of New England, Middle, and Southern Colonies date
1620-71
Mercantilism
- It is an economic theory
- The worlds riches/resources are finite and whichever country controls the most of it is going to be successful and the most powerful.
The pilgrims/puritan separatists
• Pilgrims= Puritan separatists
• The pilgrims were almost like a colt
• They were called pilgrims because they were making a pilgrimage
• They were puritan separatists
• Sailed on the Mayflower
• There was a total of 35 pilgrims
• They were supposed to go to Virginia, but they went to present day Massachusetts
○ They named it Provincetown
• Thanksgiving was a feast with the Indians and the meal
• Spain actually had the first Thanksgiving in Texas with Europeans, and it actually happened no where near the month of the time of November
JFK decided (a few months before he died) that Thanksgiving would be in November because there was no holiday in between labor day and Christmas
The Plymouth Colony was established when? Where was it located?
Massachusetts, 1620
Plymouth Colony
- pilgrim colony in Massachusetts
- they are puritan separatists
- they named it “Plymouth” because they sailed from England out of the port city Plymouth
Mayflower Compact
- rules
- named after one of the ships
- agreement of the people
- it is a way society organizes
- this was put into place at the Plymouth colony
The Massachusetts Bay Colony was established when?
1630
Massachusetts Bay Colony
• 11 ships
• 700 people come over in 1630 (that’s how many survived the voyage)
• Following year 17 ships and 2000 people came over
• Largest colony in the size of geography
• Surpasses Jamestown over time
-They are Puritans
John Winthrop
○ Gives the structure of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in his sermon that he gives on the ship
- He says that the best thing for a colony is stability and order - To be in the colony you have to be a Puritan and you have to be a part of the church - He says that this colony is going to be a "shining city on the hill" - Meaning- the example for other colonies to follow - U.S. politicians to this day use this quote that Johnny Winthrop said - He wants the colony to be a Holy Common Wealth - Common Wealth- Political entity, a group of people that govern themselves - A Holy Common Wealth- political entity but also with religion tied into it - No social unrest, everyone must follow the rules/laws - Everyone MUST be apart of the church, there is no religious freedom
-One of the most famous and influential people in U.S. history
-He says that democracy is one of the worst forms of government
○ He sets up a different type of government
-He is the minister and he is also the head politician
-There is no separation between church and state
-His advisors are called Select Men
-He picked the men that he knew would agree with him
-All had to be men and all had to be members of the Puritan church
-This type of government is called an Oligarchy
-He can choose to dismiss what his Select Men advise him if he doesn’t like their opinion/what they are saying
-He believes that he knows what God is saying
-He is the religious authority for the colony, and how the church will be run
John Winthrop wants the Massachusetts Bay Colony to be a Holy Common Wealth, what does this mean?
□ A Holy Common Wealth- political entity but also with religion tied into it
- No social unrest, everyone must follow the rules/laws - Everyone MUST be apart of the church, there is no religious freedom
Common Wealth
Political entity, a group of people that govern themselves
Congregationalists Church
- Based on Tommy Hooker’s set up
- Still had to be apart of the Puritan church
- Connecticut Colony
Anne Hutchinson
- Has 13 kids and a husband
- She is an outspoken female and she told Johnny Winthrop that she and a group have been talking to God and it hasn’t been about Johnny
- She also told him that his Select Men are not loyal to Johnny and everything he says
- She was banished with her family
- 47 or so people went with her
- They went to the present day Rhode Island
- How colonies really get started is that people get mad and they leave and set up another camp, and eventually call it a colony over time
- 5 years later, 6 of her kids and herself, and a few of her friends were ambushed by Indians and were killed (this happened in present day New York)
- Got kicked out of the Massachusetts Bay Colony