History exam Flashcards
(137 cards)
1
Q
What is militarism?
A
Militarism is the belief in building strong armed forces to prepare for war.
2
Q
How did militarism contribute to World War I?
A
It led to an arms race, increasing tension and making war seem inevitable.
3
Q
What were the two major alliances before World War I?
A
The Triple Entente (France, Britain, and Russia) and the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy).
4
Q
Why did alliances contribute to the outbreak of World War I?
A
Alliances meant that a conflict between two countries could draw in others, escalating into a larger war.
5
Q
What is imperialism?
A
Imperialism is the competition for colonies and global dominance.
6
Q
How did imperialism increase tensions between European powers?
A
Rivalries over territories, especially in Africa and Asia, created conflicts and distrust among nations.
7
Q
What is nationalism?
A
Nationalism is a sense of pride in one’s nation and a desire for independence or dominance.
8
Q
How did nationalism contribute to tensions in Europe?
A
In the Balkans, Slavic nationalism and rival ambitions from Austria-Hungary and Serbia created a volatile situation.
9
Q
What event is considered the immediate cause of World War I?
A
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary in 1914.
10
Q
Why is World War I often described as a “powder keg”?
A
The M.A.I.N. causes created a highly tense and unstable situation in Europe, with the assassination acting as the spark that set it off.
11
Q
Who was assassinated on June 28, 1914?
A
Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary and his wife.
12
Q
Where did the assassination take place?
A
In Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia-Herzegovina.
13
Q
What group was responsible for the assassination?
A
The Black Hand, a Serbian nationalist group.
14
Q
Why did Serbia want control of Bosnia-Herzegovina?
A
Serbia believed it shared strong religious, cultural, and ethnic ties with the people there.
15
Q
What role did Serbia’s ties to Russia play in the conflict?
A
Many Serbian nationalists felt connected to Russia, which later came to Serbia’s defense.
16
Q
How did Austria-Hungary respond to the assassination?
A
Austria-Hungary used the assassination as an excuse to invade Serbia.
17
Q
Which country supported Serbia after Austria-Hungary invaded?
A
Russia, due to its agreement to defend Serbia.
18
Q
What role did alliances play in escalating the conflict?
A
Germany backed Austria-Hungary, while Britain and France supported Russia, quickly involving much of Europe.
19
Q
How long after the assassination did Europe go to war?
A
Just over a month after the assassination, all of Europe was at war.
20
Q
What does M.A.I.N mean?
A
-Militarism
-Alliances
-Imperialism
-Nationalism
21
Q
What was the Schlieffen Plan?
A
It was Germany’s military strategy to avoid a two-front war by defeating France quickly in the west and then turning to fight Russia in the east.
22
Q
Who created the Schlieffen Plan?
A
General Alfred von Schlieffen in 1905.
23
Q
Why did Germany feel the need for the Schlieffen Plan?
A
Germany was surrounded by potential enemies, France in the west and Russia in the east, and wanted to avoid fighting a war on two fronts simultaneously.
24
Q
Why did the Schlieffen Plan fail?
A
- Belgium resisted the German invasion, delaying the advance.
- Britain entered the war to defend Belgium’s neutrality.
- Russia mobilized its army faster than expected.
- The German advance was stopped at the Battle of the Marne in September 1914.
25
What does "Blitzkrieg" mean?
Blitzkrieg" means "lightning war" in German.
26
What was the primary goal of Blitzkrieg?
To achieve a quick and decisive victory by overwhelming the enemy with speed and force.
27
What were the main components of Blitzkrieg?
Tanks, aircraft, and infantry working together in rapid, coordinated attacks.
28
What was the most common infantry weapon in World War I?
Rifles were the standard infantry weapon.
29
What weapon caused heavy casualties in trench warfare by firing hundreds of rounds per minute?
Machine guns
30
Why were tanks introduced during World War I?
To cross trenches and break through enemy lines.
31
What were the effects of poison gas on soldiers?
It caused suffocation, blindness, and severe injuries.
32
Which country used submarines (U-boats) extensively in WWI?
Germany
33
What is propaganda?
Propaganda is the use of media and messaging to influence public opinion or behavior, often by promoting specific political ideas or war efforts.
34
Why was propaganda widely used during World War I?
Governments used propaganda to boost morale, recruit soldiers, justify the war, and encourage support from civilians.
35
What is a political cartoon?
A political cartoon is an illustration or comic that uses humor, satire, or symbolism to comment on political events, social issues, or public figures.
36
What techniques do political cartoons often use to convey their message?
1. Exaggeration: Overstating physical features or situations for emphasis.
2. Symbolism: Using objects or characters to represent broader ideas.
3. Labeling: Adding text to clarify meaning.
4. Irony: Highlighting contradictions to critique actions or decisions.
5. Analogy: Drawing comparisons to make a complex issue more understandable.
37
What was the Western Front?
It was the line of trenches stretching through Belgium and France where much of the fighting in World War I occurred.
38
What was “no man’s land”?
The area between opposing trenches, which neither side controlled. It was filled with barbed wire, shell holes, and deadly hazards.
39
What did “go over the top” mean in trench warfare?
It was the command for soldiers to leave their trenches and charge into no man’s land to attack the enemy.
40
How was trench warfare different from traditional warfare?
- Traditional warfare involved direct, face-to-face attacks with clear rules of engagement.
- Trench warfare relied on defensive positions, artillery, and prolonged battles with minimal territorial gains.
41
What was the Treaty of Versailles?
The Treaty of Versailles was the peace treaty that ended World War I, signed on June 28, 1919, between Germany and the Allied Powers.
42
What was the main goal of the Treaty of Versailles?
To punish Germany for its role in World War I and prevent future wars.
43
What was the League of Nations?
An international organization established by the Treaty of Versailles to promote peace and prevent future conflicts.
44
Was Germany allowed to join the League of Nations?
No, Germany was initially excluded from the League of Nations.
45
What is total war?
Total war is when a whole country, including its people and resources, is focused on winning a war.
46
What are the main features of total war?
1. Everyone and everything is used to help the war effort.
2. Civilians are involved, not just soldiers.
3. Propaganda is used to keep people motivated.
4. Civilians and towns can become targets.
5. New weapons and ideas are used in battles.
47
How did total war change women’s roles?
Women worked in factories, took care of farms, and helped in jobs that men usually did because the men were fighting.
48
What happened to society after total war?
- Countries faced money problems and needed to rebuild.
- Women and men’s roles in society changed.
- There was a lot of damage and many lives lost.
49
When was the League of Nations founded?
It was founded in 1919 as part of the Treaty of Versailles.
50
Why did some countries leave the League of Nations?
Countries like Japan, Germany, and Italy left because they disagreed with its decisions or actions.
51
What was the War Guilt Clause?
The War Guilt Clause was Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles, which blamed Germany for starting World War I.
52
What did the War Guilt Clause require Germany to do?
1. Accept responsibility for starting the war.
2. Pay massive reparations to the Allied powers.
53
What is an armistice?
An armistice is an agreement to stop fighting, usually temporarily, while terms for peace are negotiated.
54
When was the armistice that ended World War I signed?
The armistice ending World War I was signed on November 11, 1918
55
What did Germany agree to in the World War I armistice?
1. Withdraw troops from occupied territories.
2. Surrender weapons and military equipment.
3. End all military operations.
56
Did the armistice officially end World War I?
No, the fighting stopped, but the war officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles on June 28, 1919.
57
What industries contributed to Canada’s recovery after WWI?
Wheat, natural resources (iron, nickel, zinc, copper), pulp and paper, and manufacturing.
58
How did installment plans affect the automobile industry?
They allowed people to buy cars on credit, doubling car sales and making cars accessible to all.
59
Why did Canadians move to cities during the 1920s?
For jobs in transportation, finance, public administration, and hospitality.
60
Why was bubble gum special, and who invented it?
Walter Diemer invented bubble gum in 1928. It was less sticky, more flexible, and pink because it was the only dye available.
61
How did telephone ownership change in the 1920s?
At the start of the decade, 25% of Canadians owned a phone; by the end, 75% had one.
62
What improvement was made to telephones during the decade?
The earpiece was attached to the mouthpiece, making them easier to use.
63
What was one of the first Canadian radio programs?
"Hockey Night in Canada."
64
What event marked the beginning of the Great Depression?
The stock market crash on October 29, 1929.
65
What was the impact of overproduction on the economy?
Factories and farms produced more goods than they could sell, leading to layoffs and reduced production.
66
Why did Canada’s dependence on exports make its economy vulnerable?
Canada relied heavily on exports like wheat and newsprint, which were affected by competition and tariffs from other countries.
67
How did U.S. tariffs affect Canada’s economy?
U.S. tariffs made Canadian goods more expensive, reducing exports and worsening the economic downturn.
68
What happened to jobs and incomes during the Depression?
Millions lost their jobs, and by 1939, only 300,000 Canadians earned enough to pay income tax.
69
What was "Pogey," and why was it controversial?
Pogey" was government relief for the unemployed, but payments were low and required public declaration of financial failure, which was humiliating.
70
How did drought affect the Prairies during the Depression?
An 8-year drought, combined with grasshopper infestations, destroyed crops and forced many families to abandon their farms.
71
Which groups faced discrimination during the Depression?
Immigrants, Indigenous people, African Canadians, Jewish Canadians, and women.
72
How were Indigenous people affected by government relief policies?
Indigenous families received only $5 per month compared to $19–$60 for non-Indigenous families.
73
What challenges did women face during the Depression?
Women had limited job opportunities, with most working as poorly paid domestic workers. Single, unemployed women could not access government assistance.
74
Why were city families given more relief than rural families?
It was assumed rural families could rely on livestock and gardens, even though many struggled just as much as city families.
75
What was the Dust Bowl?
The Dust Bowl was a disaster in the 1930s when huge dust storms destroyed farms and homes in the Great Plains.
76
What caused the Dust Bowl?
The Dust Bowl was caused by a long drought, too much farming, and bad farming methods that ruined the soil.
77
Which areas were most affected?
The worst areas were Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, and New Mexico.
78
How did the Dust Bowl affect farmers?
Farmers lost their crops, homes, and money. Many had to move away to find jobs.
79
How did the Dust Bowl make the Great Depression worse?
It made things worse by making farmers lose jobs and creating more poverty.
80
What kind of music became very popular in the 1920s?
Jazz music became very popular in the 1920s.
81
Why did entertainment grow so much during the 1920s?
Entertainment grew because people had more money, free time, and new technology like radios and movies.
82
What made travel easier in the 1920s?
Cars, like the Ford Model T, became affordable, so more people could drive.
83
What kind of appliances became common in the 1920s?
Common appliances included refrigerators, washing machines, and vacuum cleaners.
84
What was one reason life became more modern in the 1920s?
New technology, like cars and electricity, made life more comfortable and convenient.
85
What was the Great Depression?
The Great Depression was a time in the 1930s when the economy was very bad, and many people lost their jobs and savings.
86
How did the Great Depression affect jobs?
Millions of people lost their jobs because businesses closed.
87
How did the Great Depression change people’s lives?
The Great Depression made life very hard, forcing people to live with less, move to find work, and depend on help from others.
88
Why did people lose money in the crash?
People lost money because they had invested in stocks that dropped in value, and some had borrowed money to buy stocks but couldn’t repay their loans.
89
Why did the Stock Market Crash lead to the Great Depression?
The crash caused businesses to fail, people to lose jobs, and banks to close, leading to a long economic crisis.
90
Who was Adolf Hitler?
Adolf Hitler was the leader of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945 and the head of the Nazi Party.
91
When and where was Adolf Hitler born?
Adolf Hitler was born in Austria in 1889.
92
What event started World War II?
World War II started when Hitler’s Germany invaded Poland in 1939.
93
What was the Holocaust?
The Holocaust was the mass killing of about 6 million Jewish people and millions of others by the Nazis during World War II.
94
What were Hitler’s main beliefs?
Hitler believed in extreme nationalism, anti-Semitism (hatred of Jews), and that Germans were a superior race.
95
What was Hitler’s title as leader of Germany?
Hitler’s title was "Führer," which means leader in German.
96
How did Hitler gain power in Germany?
Hitler gained power by promising to fix Germany’s problems after World War I, and he was appointed Chancellor in 1933.
97
When did Adolf Hitler die?
Adolf Hitler died in 1945, at the end of World War II.
98
Why is Adolf Hitler significant in history?
Hitler is significant because his leadership caused World War II and the Holocaust, leading to immense global destruction and loss of life.
99
Who were the main Allied countries in World War II?
The main Allied countries were the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, China, and France.
100
Who did the Allies fight against?
The Allies fought against the Axis Powers, which included Germany, Italy, and Japan.
101
When did World War II take place?
World War II lasted from 1939 to 1945.
102
Why did the Allies form?
The Allies formed to stop the aggression of the Axis Powers and defeat Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan.
103
What was the D-Day invasion?
D-Day (June 6, 1944) was when the Allies attacked German forces in France to free Europe.
104
How did the Allies win?
The Allies won by defeating Germany in Europe and Japan in the Pacific.
105
When did the war end?
The war ended in 1945 after Germany and Japan were defeated.
106
Who led Italy during World War II?
Benito Mussolini led Italy.
107
Who was the leader of Japan during World War II?
Emperor Hirohito was Japan's leader, but military leaders had a lot of power.
108
What did Germany do during the war?
Germany invaded many countries in Europe, like Poland, France, and the Soviet Union.
109
What was Italy’s goal in the war?
Italy wanted to control parts of North Africa and the Mediterranean.
110
What did Japan do during the war?
Japan invaded parts of Asia, like China, and attacked the U.S. at Pearl Harbor.
111
How many people died in World War II?
Around 70–85 million people died in World War II.
112
Which country had the most casualties in World War II?
The Soviet Union had the most casualties, with around 27 million deaths.
113
What groups were discriminated against during World War II in Europe?
Jewish people, Roma (Gypsies), disabled people, Slavs, LGBTQ+ individuals, and political opponents were discriminated against.
114
How did the Nazis treat Jewish people?
The Nazis forced Jewish people to live in ghettos, sent them to concentration camps, and killed them in gas chambers.
115
What were concentration camps?
Concentration camps were places where people were imprisoned, forced to work, and often killed by the Nazis.
116
Who was the British Prime Minister at the start of World War II?
Neville Chamberlain was the Prime Minister at the start of the war.
117
What is Neville Chamberlain known for?
He is known for signing the Munich Agreement with Hitler to avoid war, but it failed when Germany invaded Poland.
118
Who became Prime Minister after Neville Chamberlain?
Winston Churchill became Prime Minister in 1940.
119
Why is Winston Churchill famous?
Churchill is famous for his leadership, inspiring speeches, and helping lead Britain to victory in World War II.
120
What role did Winston Churchill play in the war?
Churchill worked with the Allies, planned military strategies, and inspired people to keep fighting against Nazi Germany.
121
When did Neville Chamberlain stop being Prime Minister?
Neville Chamberlain stepped down in 1940 after losing support during the early stages of the war.
122
What was The Final Solution?
The Final Solution was the Nazi plan to kill all Jewish people in Europe.
123
Who created The Final Solution?
The Final Solution was created by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi leadership.
124
When did The Final Solution begin?
The Final Solution started in 1941.
125
What was the goal of The Final Solution?
The goal was to eliminate all Jewish people and other groups the Nazis considered "undesirable."
126
When did Japan’s empire end?
Japan’s empire ended in 1945 after World War II.
127
When did Japan surrender?
Japan surrendered on August 15, 1945.
128
What happened to Japan after the war?
Japan lost all its land and was controlled by the Allies.
129
What were the atomic bombings?
The atomic bombings were when the U.S. dropped bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to end the war.
130
What were the Nuremberg Trials?
The Nuremberg Trials were court trials to punish top Nazi leaders for their crimes after World War II.
131
When did the Nuremberg Trials take place?
The trials took place from 1945 to 1946.
132
Where were the trials held?
The trials were held in Nuremberg, Germany.
133
What crimes were the Nazis charged with?
The Nazis were charged with war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes against peace.
134
What was the Battle of Midway?
The Battle of Midway was a big fight between the U.S. and Japan in 1942. The U.S. won and stopped Japan's attacks in the Pacific.
135
What happened at the Battle of the Coral Sea?
in 1942, the U.S. stopped Japan from attacking Australia in the Coral Sea.
136
What was Operation Torch?
Operation Torch was the Allies’ invasion of North Africa in 1942 to fight the Nazis and Italians.
137
