history exam Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
What was the primary objective of the First Battle of Ypres?
A
Germany wanted to capture ports on the English Channel for easier naval access.
2
Q
What was the outcome of the First Battle of Ypres?
A
The Allies held the line, marking the start of trench warfare.
3
Q
What significant tactic did Germany use for the first time in the Second Battle of Ypres?
A
Poison gas.
4
Q
How did Canadian soldiers respond to the poison gas in the Second Battle of Ypres?
A
They improvised gas masks using urine-soaked cloths.
5
Q
What were the casualties for Canadian soldiers in the Second Battle of Ypres?
A
Over 6,000 Canadian losses.
6
Q
Where did the First, Second, and Third Battles of Ypres take place?
A
Ypres, Belgium.
7
Q
What marked the beginning of trench warfare?
A
The First Battle of Ypres.
8
Q
What was notable about the Second Battle of Ypres in terms of chemical warfare?
A
It was the first large-scale use of poison gas (chlorine) by Germany.
9
Q
What characterized the Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)?
A
Heavy rain created mud-filled battlefields.
10
Q
What was the goal of the Battle of the Somme?
A
An Allied offensive to relieve pressure on the French at Verdun and break through German defenses.
11
Q
What happened to the Newfoundland Regiment at Beaumont-Hamel during the Battle of the Somme?
A
Of 801 soldiers, only 68 survived the first day.
12
Q
What was the total casualty count for the Battle of the Somme?
A
Over 1 million, including 24,000 Canadians.
13
Q
What was a significant tactic failure during the Battle of the Somme?
A
Frontal assaults against fortified machine-gun positions.
14
Q
What was the significance of the Battle of Vimy Ridge?
A
It marked the first time all four Canadian divisions fought together.
15
Q
What innovative tactics were used by Canadian forces at Vimy Ridge?
A
Detailed planning, rehearsals, and the creeping barrage technique.
16
Q
How many Canadian casualties were reported at the Battle of Vimy Ridge?
A
Over 10,600 Canadian casualties.
17
Q
What was the outcome of the Battle of Passchendaele?
A
Canadians captured the village of Passchendaele despite losing almost 16,000 soldiers.
18
Q
Why did the Allies aim to capture key ridges around Ypres during the Battle of Passchendaele?
A
To gain strategic advantage.
19
Q
What were the conditions like during the Battle of Passchendaele?
A
Constant rain turned the battlefield into a muddy quagmire.
20
Q
What were the two main alliances involved in WWI?
A
Triple Entente and Triple Alliance.
21
Q
What was the purpose of propaganda during WWI?
A
To influence public opinion and enlist soldiers.
22
Q
Who was Canada’s top flying ace during WWI?
A
Billy Bishop.
23
Q
What type of discrimination did Indigenous people and Black Canadians face when enlisting?
A
They faced initial rejection but were later allowed to fight due to troop shortages.
24
Q
What was the Military Service Act introduced by Robert Borden in 1917?
A
It introduced conscription in Canada.
25
What was the significant outcome of the conscription issue in Canada?
It sparked protests and deepened linguistic and cultural divides.
26
What was the role of women during WWI?
They took on new roles in factories, offices, and as nurses.
27
What was the dominant strategy on the Western Front during WWI?
Trench warfare.
28
What was the creeping barrage tactic?
A military tactic to advance soldiers behind a moving line of artillery fire.
29
Who was Prime Minister of Canada during WWI?
Robert Borden.
30
What were the MAIN causes of WWI?
Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism.
31
What was the Schlieffen Plan?
Germany's military strategy to avoid a two-front war by quickly defeating France.
32
What was the significance of the role of women in the workforce during the war?
It helped advance the women's suffrage movement.
33
What was the CCF?
Cooperative Commonwealth Federation.
34
Who founded the CCF?
J.S. Woodsmith.
35
What was the Regina Manifesto?
It outlined the CCF's vision for a socialist economy.
36
What year did Canadian women gain the right to vote in federal elections?
1917
## Footnote
First for women related to soldiers.
37
What does CCF stand for?
Cooperative Commonwealth Federation
38
Who founded the CCF?
J.S. Woodsmith
39
What significant document did the CCF adopt in 1933?
Regina Manifesto
40
What was the CCF's first major electoral success?
1944 under Tommy Douglas
41
What political party emerged from the merger of CCF and CLC in 1961?
New Democratic Party (NDP)
42
What was the Munich Agreement primarily about?
The fate of the Sudetenland
43
When was the Munich Agreement signed?
September 30, 1938
44
Which leaders signed the Munich Agreement?
Adolf Hitler, Neville Chamberlain, Edouard Daladier, Benito Mussolini
45
What was a key outcome of the Munich Agreement?
Germany took the Sudetenland
46
What policy does the Munich Agreement exemplify?
Appeasement
47
What did Neville Chamberlain claim the Munich Agreement would bring?
Peace for our time
48
What event did the Munich Agreement fail to prevent?
World War II
49
What is a Bennett Buggy?
A car without an engine used as a horse vehicle
50
Who was the Bennett Buggy named after?
R.B. Bennett
51
What did the Persons Case involve?
Recognition of women as 'people' under the law
52
Who were the Famous Five?
Emily Murphy, Henrietta Muir Edwards, Nellie McClung, Louise McKinney, Irene Parlby
53
What was the Supreme Court's ruling in 1928 regarding women?
Women were not 'people' in context of Senate appointments
54
What was the outcome of the appeal to the Privy Council in 1929?
Women were declared 'people' under the law
55
What did the Statute of Westminster (1931) grant to the Dominions?
Full legal independence
56
What was the significance of the Statute of Westminster for Canada?
Allowed Canada to make its own laws without British approval
57
What is a speakeasy?
Secret bars selling alcohol illegally during Prohibition
58
What years did Prohibition in the U.S. take place?
1920-1933
59
What is a bootlegger?
Person who illegally produced or sold alcohol during Prohibition
60
Who was William Lyon Mackenzie King?
Longest-serving Prime Minister of Canada
61
What event did the Stock Market Crash of 1929 trigger?
The Great Depression
62
What date is known as Black Tuesday?
October 29, 1929
63
What were the causes of the Stock Market Crash?
* Speculation
* Overproduction
* Consumer debt
* Margin buying
64
Who was R.B. Bennett?
11th Prime Minister of Canada (1930-1935)
65
What significant action did the On to Ottawa Trek represent?
Protest by unemployed workers during the Great Depression
66
What was a major consequence of the Great Depression on the Canadian prairies?
Population decline due to migration
67
What was the purpose of residential schools in Canada?
To civilize Aboriginals
68
What is the significance of the Conscription Crisis in Canada, 1944?
Political conflict over mandatory military service
69
What was Mein Kampf?
A book outlining Hitler's beliefs and plans for Germany
70
What was the outcome of the Battle of Hong Kong?
Japanese forces captured the British colony
71
When did the Pearl Harbor attack occur?
December 7, 1941
72
What was the result of the Pearl Harbor attack?
U.S. entered WWII on December 8, 1941
73
Why was the conscription during the war controversial in Canada?
French Canadians saw the war as a British affair and opposed being forced to fight.
## Footnote
Prime Minister Mackenzie King tried to balance both sides, limiting conscription, but tensions persisted.
74
When was 'Mein Kampf' written and by whom?
Written in 1924 by Adolf Hitler.
75
What is the main content of 'Mein Kampf'?
A book outlining Hitler's beliefs and plans for Germany.
76
Why did Hitler write 'Mein Kampf'?
He wrote it while imprisoned for attempting a coup (the Beer Hall Putsch).
77
Why is 'Mein Kampf' significant?
It became the foundation of Nazi ideology, promoting anti-Semitism, Aryan supremacy, and expansionist policies.
78
What was the Japanese Internment in Canada?
Forced relocation and internment of 22,000 Japanese Canadians after the attack on Pearl Harbor.
79
When did the Japanese Internment in Canada take place?
1942-1945.
80
Why did the Japanese Internment occur in Canada?
Fear of sabotage and espionage led to racist policies, despite no evidence of wrongdoing.
81
What were the outcomes of the Japanese Internment in Canada?
Highlighted wartime discrimination and civil rights violations. In 1988, the Canadian government apologized and offered compensation.
82
What is fascism?
A political ideology that emphasizes dictatorship, nationalism, and suppression of dissent.
83
When did fascism rise to power?
In the 1920s and 1930s.
84
What are the key characteristics of fascism?
* Strong, central control
* No tolerance for opposition
* Extreme pride in the country
85
What was the Dieppe Raid?
A failed Allied assault on the German-occupied port of Dieppe, France.
86
When did the Dieppe Raid occur?
August 19, 1942.
87
What were the reasons for the failure of the Dieppe Raid?
* Poor planning
* Lack of surprise
* Strong German defenses
88
What was the impact of the Dieppe Raid?
Over 900 Canadians died, and it exposed flaws in planning future amphibious invasions, leading to improvements for D-Day.
89
What is anti-Semitism?
Hatred and discrimination against Jews.
90
When was anti-Semitism central to Nazi policy?
From 1933 to 1945.
91
What led to the Holocaust?
Anti-Semitism led to the Holocaust, where six million Jews were murdered in concentration camps.
92
What were the dates of the atomic bombings in Japan?
Hiroshima: August 6, 1945; Nagasaki: August 9, 1945.
93
What was the purpose of the atomic bombings?
Intended to force Japan to surrender without a costly invasion.
94
What were the consequences of the atomic bombings?
Caused massive devastation and killed over 200,000 people, leading to Japan's surrender on August 15, 1945.
95
What was the Dunkirk evacuation?
Evacuation of over 330,000 Allied soldiers trapped by German forces.
96
When did the Dunkirk evacuation take place?
May 26 - June 4, 1940.
97
What was the significance of the Dunkirk evacuation?
A successful rescue that boosted British morale despite a military defeat.
98
What was the Enola Gay?
The bomber that dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima.
99
When did the Enola Gay drop the atomic bomb?
August 6, 1945.
100
What is the Warsaw Pact?
Military alliance formed in 1955 by the Soviet Union and 7 other Eastern Bloc countries.
101
What was the purpose of the Warsaw Pact?
Mutual defense and military cooperation.
102
When was the Warsaw Pact signed?
Signed in Warsaw, Poland on May 14, 1955.
103
What was the significance of 'Vive le Québec libre'?
Expressed support for Quebec's independence, becoming a rallying cry for Quebec separatists.
104
Who spoke the phrase 'Vive le Québec libre' and when?
Charles de Gaulle, on July 24, 1967.
105
What was the Marshall Plan?
European Recovery Program proposed to aid the recovery of Western Europe after WWII.
106
When was the Marshall Plan implemented?
From 1948 to 1952.
107
What was the main purpose of the Marshall Plan?
Rebuild Western European economies and prevent the spread of communism.
108
Who was Winston Churchill?
British politician, military leader, and writer.
109
What were Churchill's notable roles during WWII?
Prime Minister from 1940 to 1945, known for inspiring speeches and forging the Allied powers.
110
When did the Cold War occur?
From 1945 to 1991.
111
What were the key features of the Cold War?
* Arms Race
* Space Race
* Proxy Wars
* Ideological Propaganda
112
What event marked the end of the Cold War?
The dissolution of the Soviet Union on December 26, 1991.
113
What was the Gouzenko Affair?
A key event in Canadian history involving the defection of Igor Gouzenko, exposing a Soviet spy ring.
114
When did Igor Gouzenko defect to Canada?
September 1945.
115
What were the consequences of the Gouzenko Affair?
Led to the Red Scare and anti-communist sentiment in Canada.
116
What was revealed about Soviet espionage efforts in Canada?
Documents revealed attempts to infiltrate Canada's government, military, and industry.
## Footnote
Soviet espionage aimed to steal atomic bomb secrets and gather intelligence.
117
What was the aftermath of the revelations regarding Soviet espionage in Canada?
Initial doubt by the Canadian government, investigations confirmed claims, several arrests, led to the Red Scare.
## Footnote
Arrests included Canadians and government officials, particularly Communist Party members.
118
What impact did the Soviet espionage revelations have on Canada?
Marked Canada's role in the Cold War, increased cooperation with the U.S. and Western nations, damaged relations with the Soviet Union.
## Footnote
Led to counter-espionage efforts.
119
What does FLQ stand for?
Front de libération du Québec
## Footnote
A separatist and terrorist organization active in Quebec during the 1960s and 1970s.
120
What was the goal of the FLQ?
Aimed for Quebec independence through violent means.
121
When was the FLQ founded, and by whom?
Founded in 1963 by radical Quebec nationalists.
122
What tactics did the FLQ employ?
Responsible for over 200 bombings targeting businesses, government buildings, and symbols of authority.
123
What significant event occurred during the October Crisis of 1970?
Kidnapping of British diplomat James Cross and Quebec Minister Pierre Laporte, leading to the War Measures Act.
## Footnote
Pierre Laporte was murdered; James Cross was released after negotiations.
124
What was the result of the October Crisis on the FLQ?
FLQ's activities slowed due to arrests and government crackdowns.
125
What was the impact of the October Crisis on Quebec nationalism?
Contributed to the rise of the Parti Québécois and sparked debates on violence in political movements.
126
What was the Suez Canal Crisis?
Conflict involving Egypt, Israel, Britain, and France over the nationalization of the Suez Canal by Egyptian President Nasser in 1956.
127
What triggered the Suez Canal Crisis?
Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal after the U.S. and Britain withdrew funding for the Aswan High Dam.
128
What were the goals of Israel, Britain, and France in the Suez Canal Crisis?
Israel aimed to stop Egyptian support for militants; Britain and France wanted to regain control over the canal.
129
What initiated the military conflict during the Suez Canal Crisis?
Israel launched an invasion on October 29, 1956, followed by Britain and France bombing Egypt.
130
What was the international reaction to the Suez Canal Crisis?
The U.S. opposed the invasion, the Soviet Union condemned it, and the UN called for a ceasefire.
131
What was the outcome of the Suez Canal Crisis?
Ceasefire achieved on November 6, 1956; the canal remained under Egyptian control.
## Footnote
Nasser became a hero in the Arab world.
132
What was the Baby Boom?
Significant increase in birth rates post-World War II (1946-1964) in Canada and the U.S.
133
What factors contributed to the Baby Boom?
* Soldiers returning home
* Economic prosperity
* Desire to rebuild after the war
134
What was the impact of the Baby Boom on society?
* Led to a youth-driven culture
* Influenced education, housing, and consumer markets
* Created pressure on social services and infrastructure
135
What are some long-term effects of the Baby Boom?
* Baby Boomers became a political and economic force
* Increased demand for pensions and healthcare
* High workforce participation boosted the economy
136
What cultural significance did the Baby Boom hold?
* Influenced the rise of rock and roll
* Contributed to civil rights and women's rights movements
137
What was the 1982 Constitution in Canada?
Patriation of Canada's constitution, bringing it under full Canadian control and adding the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
138
What was the significance of the patriation process for Canada's constitution?
Allowed Canada to amend its constitution without British approval, ending colonial ties.
139
What does the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantee?
* Freedom of expression
* Assembly
* Religion
* Fair trial rights
* Protected language and Indigenous rights
* Equality
140
What is the 7/50 rule concerning constitutional amendments in Canada?
7 provinces representing at least 50% of the population must approve changes.
141
What controversy surrounded the 1982 Constitution?
Quebec did not sign the constitution, feeling its distinct society was not recognized.
142
What was the legacy of the 1982 Constitution?
* Marked the end of colonial ties with Britain
* Central to Canadian identity and legal decisions
* Highlighted Canadian sovereignty and human rights protections
