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History Final 2013 > History Final 2013 > Flashcards

History Final 2013 Flashcards

(108 cards)

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1
Q

In 494 BCE the Plebians were able to appoint these officers to protect their interests

a) Consius
b) Proconsuis
c) Tribune
d) Imeratus

A

Tribunes

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2
Q

The Eastern Roman Empire was able to successfully resist barbarian invaders with their center in _______

A

Constantinople

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3
Q

What was the name of the two years of relative Roman peace, stability, and cultural achievement?

A

Pax Romanus

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4
Q

Claiming descent from the founding families of Rome, these wealthy landowners had a social and economic monopoly over others.

a) Optimates
b) Patricians
c) Tribunes
d) Ceasarians

A

b) Patricians

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5
Q

The period of time of Roman history from 500-30 BCE was known as the ______

A

The Roman Republic

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6
Q

Between 2000 and 1000 BCE the Italian peninsula was inhabited by Italic speaking people who had migrated from

a) Asia Minor
b) Central Europe
c) Carthage
d) Latium

A

b) Central Europe

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7
Q

What did the Romans inherit in 274 BCE?

A

The western part of Alexander the Great’s empire

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8
Q

Septuagint.

What is it? What does it have to do with Hellenization?

A

The Septuagint is the translation of the Hebrew Bible into Greek. It was an important part of Hellenization because it was translated into the universal language of that time. And the translation made it possible for the people to be able to read their own bible, because many did not know how to read Hebrew. It also took some power away from the church because they were no longer the only people who knew how to read the Bible.

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9
Q

This Roman governor ruled from 26-36 CE and is most well known for his role in the trial of Jesus Christ.

A

Pontius Pilate

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10
Q

In the 160’s BCE the Syrian king Antiochus IV was defeated by this group

A

The Maccabeas

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11
Q

What was the diaspora?

A

The spreading out of the Jews after their release from their exile. They spread to Babylon, Judea, and Egypt
-The second great diaspora would occur after Rome sacked Jerusalem and destroyed Herod’s Temple (circa 70 CE)

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12
Q

What king was responsible for Conquering Babylon and freeing the Jews?

A

Cyrus the Great (king of Persia)

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13
Q

In 539 BCE a major event took place for the Jews. What was this?

A

The Exodus from Babylon to Jerusalem

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14
Q

Hellenism vs Hellenistic

A

Hellenism

Hellenistic is the 3 century period during which Greek culture spread from its homeland to Egypt and deep into Asia

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15
Q

Macedon

A
  • Located in the north of Thessaly and considered semi barbaric.
  • he king was chosen based on descent , but also had to be accepted by the military
  • constantly waring with barbarians
  • The people spoke a Greek dialect and considered themselves Greek
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16
Q

Phillip of Macedon

A

-Phillip II
-Unified the nation of Macedon
-Learned a lot when he was Greek politics and warfare when he was a hostage in Thebes (367-364 BCE)
-Father of Alexander
-Created the Macedonian Empire in less than 20 years
-Murdered when Alexander was 19, leaving him the throne (336 BCE)
-

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17
Q

Macedonian Army

A

Created by Phillip II

  • Used a more open phalanx
  • Infantry of peasants
  • Used 13 ft pikes instead of the more common 9 ft pikes
  • Used siege towers, catapults, and battering rams
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18
Q

Invasion of Greece

A

Phillip was asked to be the general of the Thessalians

  • Wanted Thessaly because of it’s ports
  • Phillip also defeated Thebes, Athens, Phocis, Thrace and Northern Aegean Coast
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19
Q

The Federal League of Corinth

A

Created a constitution, delegates made foreign policy decisions

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20
Q

Aristotle

A
  • Student of Plato
  • Teacher of Alexander
  • Pioneered scientific inquiry
  • Path of assembling as much knowledge as possible
  • Had very rigid gender ideas
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21
Q

Aristotle’s Views of Women

A
  • Women should always be under the control of a male

- Believed that women were witches and evil

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22
Q

Women of Early Rome

A
  • Women should always be under the control of a male
  • Woman was mistress of the home; controlled access to storerooms, kept accounts, and supervised the slaves and the raising of the children
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23
Q

Olympias

A

Alexander’s mother

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24
Q

Bucephalus

A

Alexander’s horse

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25
Hephaestion
- General in Alexander's army - Alexander's dear friend - Second in command - Personal body Guard - A Divine Hero
26
Alexander the Great
- Born in Macedonia - Claimed his father was Zeus - First victory, 344 BCE, Granicus - Would go undefeated until his death - Inherited his father's ambition to conquer Persia from his father. - Died at age 32? possibly from poison - lead an army of 11,000
27
Rome
- originallya small trading city - inherited the western part of Alexander's empire in 275 BCE - Confrontation with Carthage (wanting to expand their empire) leads to the Punic Wars
28
Punic Wars
A series of 3 wars fought between the Roman Republic and Ancient Carthage -The Romans were the victors
29
1st Punic War
- Stalemate | - Romans built fleet to cut off Carthaginian supplies
30
Hannibal
Carthaginian military commander
31
The Battle of Trebia
Confrontation with Scipio - Hannibal although he had 1/2 the amount of men as Scipio was victorious because of his amazing battle tactics still used today. - pretended to retreat - closed in behind the Romans - surface area
32
Battle of Lake Trasimene
- Banked on opposite sides of the river - attacked early in the morning - retreated back to his side - romans followed but did not expect to see elephants - Romans were trampled
33
Five Pillars of Islam
Five basic acts cnsidered obligatory for believers
34
Shahada
Belief
35
Salat
Worship/Prayer
36
Zakat
charitable giving
37
Sawm
fasting
38
Hajj
the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime
39
Muhammad
- an orphaned child from a young age - lived in Mecca - Married into money - Said to have received a revelation from God - began preaching - called himself the prophet of God - formed somewhat of his own religion - later migrated to Medina with many of his followers to escape the hostility - -> this migration is know as the Hijra and marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar - The revelations which muhhammad is said to have recieved form many verses of the Quran
40
Mecca
- Birthplace of Islamic prophet Muhammad and site of his first revelation - regarded as the holiest city in Islam - a pilgrimage to it, known as the hajj, is mandatory for Muslims required making it the
41
Kaaba
-Islam's holiest shrine located in Mecca which houses a black stone
42
The Black Stone
- A sacred stone in located in the Kaaba, known to predate Islamic religion and to have been kissed by the prophet muhammad
43
Comitatus
a relationship, or companionship where a younger member of the community will each himself to an elder for guidance and leadership particularly in military combat and morals -something of a mentorship
44
The Caliphate Institution
A leadership and Institution which took over and ruled after Muhammad's death
45
Sadducees
-insisted on a written law and opposed the oral law believed by the Pharisees
46
Octavian
- The nephew of Caesar - Became emperor after Caesar was killed - Brought about the Pax Romana
47
Alexius Comnenus
- Emperor of the Byzantine Empire, the Eastern portion of the Roman Empire - His call for help with Turkish Invasions lead to the start of the Crusades
48
Urban II
- The head of the Catholic church | - used a letter sent to him from Alexius as an excuse to start a crusade
49
Peter the Hermit
-monk who lead the people's crusade
50
Sultan Kilij Arslan
- Turkish Sultan | - enemy of the crusades
51
Why did people agree to be apart of the crusades?
-For those who went on the crusades, there was a guarantee into heaven, forgiveness of all sins past and future, and they would be able to keep the bounty.
52
Who partook in the crusades?
- Just about everyone | - peasants, laborers, kings, queens, nobles, soldiers (experienced and not)
53
What were the Pope's goals in starting the crusades?
..
54
The People's Crusade
- aka the Peasant's Crusade - lead by Peter the Hermit - didn't wait for the official leaders or the go ahead but decided to take matters into their own hands and start their own crusade - the first waive of crusaders
55
What was the outcome of the People's Crusade?
-every last crusader was slaughtered in an ambush a Civetot
56
European anti-Semetism
This anti-semetic view was largely influenced by the Christian belief that Jews were collectively responsible for the death of Jesus
57
Why were the Crusades similar to European Anti-Semetism?
-Jews were the 1st victims of the Crusades, because people thought it seemed ludicrous to travel 1000 miles to kill muslims, when the people who they believed to be the killers of christ were right in their back yard.
58
Pope Gregory VII
Cluny's radical reformer who became pope
59
Cluny Reform Movement
- Trying to reform the monasticism, so it obeyed the benedictine rule - dictated that monks had to take the vow of poverty, abstinence, and they had to pray a certain amounts of times each day - Brought power back to the Pope, and paved the way for the 1st crusade
60
In what way did the Cluny movement pave the way for the first crusade?
-The Cluny movement gave power to the church, so that the Pope was then able to call together people for the crusade
61
The Umayyad Family
-First Islamic dynasty The 2nd of four major Islamic caliphates -Came to power under Uthman, the third caliph
62
Sunnis
- Taking their name from the word tradition - the largest group after Muhammad's death - believed all the caliphs were rightful
63
Shi'ites
- 2nd largest group | - believed that Ali was the only true Caliph, and that the leader of Islam must be a direct descendant from him
64
Who were the four "rightly guided" caliphs?
Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali
65
Caliph
arabic word meaning successor
66
Muslim
- arabic word meaning "one who submits to God" | - Muslims believe the words of the prophet Muhammad
67
Quran
- Arabic word meaning"recitation" - beleived by Muslims to be the words of God which were revealed by him to the prophet Muhammad - All of Muhammad's revelations are written in the Quran
68
Aqidah
- articles of faith | - 6 articles
69
Hadith
- The sayings of Muhammad - the second importance for Muslims - not the words of God
70
Sunna
- Moral example of Muhammad | - Origin of the name of the Sunnis
71
The Early Life of Muhammad
- Born in Mecca | - Orphaned at a young age
72
Bedouin Arabs
nomadic people
73
Settled Arabs
- merchants of towns | - Muhammad was a settled Arab
74
Allah
means "The One God"
75
Paganism
-meaning "country dweller"
76
Why did the Eastern Empire last longer than the Western Empire?
Constantinople ganged up to destroy the Western Emperors and take over.
77
Constantinople
- Capital of Eastern Empire | - New Roman Capital after Constantine
78
Hagia Sophia
- The largest church in Christendom, later it became a mosque - Church of Holy Wisdom - contains a very famous portrait by St. Luke of Mary and baby Jesus - famous for its large dome
79
Bosphorus
- The river which many crusaders had to cross before entering Asia Minor - Located right by Constantinople
80
Hegira
-The journey of that Muhammad made to escape from the dangers he was facing in Mecca
81
Medina
- second holiest city after Mecca | - Muhammad journeyed to Median from Mecca on his hegira
82
Clovis
- A Frank - Conquered the Gauls - Became a Christian
83
Hippodrome
-Greek stadium for chariot races and horse races
84
Constantine the Great
-Converted his all his soldiers from "Sol Invictus" to Christian after he had a vision
85
Sol Invictus
unconquered sun
86
Edict of Toleration
- 313 CE | - man is free to worship whomever he pleases
87
Council of Nicaea
- 325 CE - called by Constantine to obtain consensus on what the belief of the church would be - Condemned Arius as a heretic - Athanasius won
88
Arius
- Christian priest in Alexandria - Said that the Father, The Son, and the Holy Ghost were unequal - the father was better than the others
89
Athanasius
- opposed arianism | - Believed that all parts of the Holy Trinity were equal
90
heresy
-Anything other than the beleif of the church
91
Orthodox
- The right belief | - The belief of the church
92
Theodosius
-made Catholicism the state religion
93
Julian
- attempted to restore paganism | - failed
94
Monasticism
- Started by St. Basil - Encouraged chastity, obedience, poverty and a vow of silence - people often came to monasteries to flee barbarians
95
St. Basil
-Started monasteries
96
St. Benedict
- Author of the set of vows that monks would use - chastity - silence - obedience - poverty
97
What was the role of Monasteries in the Christian world?
- People who had committed crimes could join a monasteries seeking repentance - if they joined they were guaranteed a place in heaven and all their debts would be repaid
98
St. Paul
-First pope
99
What was the role of Monasteries in the Christian world?
- People who had committed crimes could join a monasteries seeking repentance - if they joined they were guaranteed a place in heaven and all their debts would be repaid
100
St. Paul
-First pope
101
Peter
- the "greatest pope" | - the
102
Augustine
- Wrote two books - -->City of God - -->Confessions
103
Bishop
aka episcopus
104
Sacarii
- part of the zealots | - enjoyed killing with knives
105
Zealots
-a jewish sect which did not like Romans
106
Sacarii
- part of the zealots | - enjoyed killing with knives
107
What lead to the downfall of the Roman empire?
- Lack of trade and invention - Lack of wars, so no big source of income - lead pipes
108
Apostle
-means messenger

History Final 2013 (1 decks)

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