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History Final Study guide Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the dates of the Peloponnesian War?

A

431-404 BC

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2
Q

What does the outcome of the Peloponnesian War indicate about bias?

A

The Peloponnese won, allowing them to name it as they wanted, indicating potential bias.

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3
Q

Who were the significant historians during the Peloponnesian War?

A
  • Pericles
  • Herodotus
  • Thucydides
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4
Q

Did the thirty-year peace treaty after the Persian Wars last?

A

No, it did not last due to growing tensions between Athens and Sparta.

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5
Q

What was the cause of the Peloponnesian War?

A

Athens was becoming an empire, causing fear in Sparta.

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6
Q

Who was Pericles?

A

An influential leader in Athens known for his funeral speech recounted by Thucydides.

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7
Q

What was the importance of the Helots?

A

They were foot-soldiers.

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8
Q

Outline the timeline of the Peloponnesian War.

A
  • 10 years of fighting (431-421)
  • 6 years of peace (421-415)
  • 11 years of fighting (415-404)
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9
Q

What was the peace of Nicias?

A

A brief suspension of hostilities from 421 to 414, ended by the Athenian attack on Sicily.

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10
Q

What was the outcome of the Peloponnesian War?

A

Sparta won, Athens’s army was destroyed, and their democracy turned into an oligarchy.

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11
Q

What were the dates of Alexander the Great’s life?

A

356-323 BC

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12
Q

What was Alexander’s relationship with Aristotle?

A

Aristotle taught Alexander.

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13
Q

What did Philip II do to expand Macedon’s power?

A

Increased the army from 10,000 to 24,000 and cavalry from 600 to 3,500.

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14
Q

What military formation did Philip II create?

A

The phalanx, an 8 by 16 formation of men holding sarissas.

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15
Q

How was Philip II related to Alexander?

A

He was Alexander’s father.

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16
Q

How did Philip II die?

A

He was assassinated by his bodyguard.

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17
Q

Who is Bucephalus?

A

A horse trained by Alexander at age 13.

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18
Q

What was the name of the Persian king Alexander defeated?

A

Darius II.

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19
Q

How did Alexander ascend to the throne?

A

He cut the Gordian Knot and was crowned king in 333 BC.

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20
Q

Who are the men that stood up to him and why are they important?

A

Diogenes: Alexander’s role model
Timoklea: Alexander defends her in front of men ridiculing her

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21
Q

Why was the invasion of Asia Minor Important?

A

It was Alexander’s first major battle
It launched his first conquest

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22
Q

Why was the siege of Tyre important?

A

Date- 332 BC
Alexander wants the people to sacrifice to the god Hercules but Tyre refuses
Alexander decides to besiege the city
He constructs a causeway to reach the island
After 7 months, Alexander breaches the walls and takes the city

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23
Q

Why did Alexander visit the Oracle of Ammon?

A

To receive “divine endorsement” of his kingship
He wants to associate himself with a god
His mom supposedly had an affair with a god and gave birth to Alexander

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24
Q

What was Alexander’s approach to Greek history and literature?

A

He was taught about the Iliad

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25
What happened when Alexander tried to invade India?
His invasion failed He conquered a few small cities His army did not want to continue fighting; it had been 6 years They headed back to Persia; Alexander dies
26
What is Hellenization?
Forcefully changing someone's religion or practices.
27
What happened to Alexander’s empire after he died?
It split into many parts, led by Macedonian generals.
28
What influenced Roman culture from the Etruscans?
Religion and military practices.
29
What is the mythical founding story of Rome?
Romulus and Remus, twins raised by a wolf who fought for power.
30
What was the story of the Sabine women?
Women were kidnapped during a party, leading to conflict between fathers and husbands.
31
What is the bias in the story of the Sabine women?
The narrative suggests the women were fine with it, which may not be true.
32
What is the story of Lucretia?
There is a king whose son's name is Sextus Sextus rapes Lucretia Lucretia kills herself This caused an uprising for the overthrow of the monarchy
33
How is Thomas F. Madden’s Empires Trust thesis related to Livy’s preface thesis?
Maddens thesis: The United States is similar to the Roman Empire because the stories they tell are biased and usually end happily Livy’s thesis: History is valuable because it influences man’s life through honor and people.
34
What was the early Roman constitution designed to prevent?
One man from taking all the power.
35
What were the differences between plebeians and patricians?
* Plebeians: Poor, limited jobs * Patricians: Higher class, could hold government positions
36
What was the conflict of orders?
A struggle between plebeians and patricians from 500 to 287 BC.
37
What were the different parts of the Roman government?
* Senate * Assemblies * Consuls * Dictator
38
Why were the Punic Wars important for Rome's rise to power?
They faced a true challenge and gained control over the Mediterranean.
39
What were the dates for the 1st Punic War?
264-261 BC
40
What was Carthage’s origin?
A semi-democratic republic with a senate and judiciary.
41
What were Carthage’s beliefs?
they were known for sacrificing children to Ba’al
42
What was trade like in Carthage?
trading became a superpower they built power through trade, selling gold, tusks, and slaves
43
Who is Hamilcar Barca?
He was a Carthaginian general his son was Hannible
44
Why did Rome want to expand?
they grew more than 10 times its size In the past year
45
How did Rome change during the war?
they advanced from a mostly land-based power to a more naval-based society they gained control of Sicily
46
What were the causes of the first war?
Italian mercenaries took over Sicily Messina was threatened and asked for help (both Rome and Carthage contributed) Rome forces Syracuse into a treaty and decides to fight Carthage who at this point had taken over most of Sicily
47
What was the significance of the Battle of Mylae?
Rome's first naval victory using ravens.
48
What happened at the Battle of Cannae?
Hannibal defeated a larger Roman force using superior tactics in 216 BC.
49
what happened at the Battle of Economus
Rome wins possibly the largest naval battle to this day
50
What happens at the Battle of Tunis and Skirmishes?
Carthage wins period of skirmishes and indecisive fighting 1st big battle on Carthaginian land
51
What were Archimedes' weapons?
Syracuse took out Romans with a variety of inventions by one scientist, Archimedes
52
What happened at the Battle of Cannae and the Battle of Zama (include dates)?
216 Battle of Cannae: using superior military tactics, Hannibal was able to take out the Romans even though they were nearly half the size of the Roman forces; used war elephants 202- Battle of Zama: Romans led by Publius Cornelius Scipio
53
What happened at the Siege of Lilybaeum?
by 250, Carthage only held Lilybaeum and Drepana Lilybaeum, the last Carthaginian hold- Hamilcar led this
54
Who was Scipio Africanus?
A Roman general known for his virtuous leadership and tactics.
55
What was the outcome of the 3rd Punic War?
Carthage was stripped of territory and faced heavy penalties.
56
What were the causes of Roman expansion?
* Annexation * Colonization * Alliance
57
What were the consequences of Rome’s expansion?
* Demand for full-time soldiers * Economic hardship for small farmers * Greater class distinctions
58
How did Roman religion view their gods compared to Greek religion?
Romans focused on rituals and state devotion, while Greeks emphasized individual relationships.
59
What are key Roman gods and their Greek counterparts?
* Zeus → Jupiter * Juno → Hera * Minerva → Athena * Neptune → Poseidon * Mars → Ares * Venus → Aphrodite * Pluto → Hades * Apollo → Phoebus Apollo
60
What was the relationship between Roman religion and government?
Government and religion were intertwined, with refusal to worship seen as refusal to submit.

History (2 decks)

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