History Lecture

Question 1

Health and Longevity tied to

Answer 1

Geography, nutrition, and shelter

Question 2

Leading Diseases

Answer 2

Iron deficiency, anemia, infectious diseases, osteoarthritis

Question 3

Healing Practices Typically Involved

Answer 3

Healers, Rituals and Ceremonies, Herbal Remedies

Question 4

When the Europeans settled what was the initial problem

Answer 4

There were only a few health practitioners

Question 5

In 1700s British America, who ran the apothecary shops

Answer 5

Physicians

Question 6

Medical and Pharmaceutical Practice involved

Answer 6

materia medica, general medical advice, surgery, midwifery

Question 7

What happened in large cities

Answer 7

Practitioners started limiting their practice to maufacture medicine to apothecaries and physicians/ general stores

Question 8

What is the significance of the Revolutionary War

Answer 8

It disrupted the flow of goods from England leading druggists to have to find goods elsewhere

Question 9

What happened in the early 1800s

Answer 9

More physicians started attending medical school learning how to write prescriptions for apothecaries as well as the growing need to define drug standards

Question 10

1820s

Answer 10

Night schools were established for the instruction of apprentices

Question 11

1860s

Answer 11

Boundaries of practices started to emerge between physicians and pharmacists as well as the improvement of the drugstore appearance

Question 12

What did Enslaved African people do for medicine

Answer 12

they brought their own native medical practices ; Herbs, roots, spices and biologics

Question 13

Drug Importation Act of 1848

Answer 13

Inspectors check the “quality, purity, and fitness for medical purposes”

Question 14

1840s

Answer 14

Apothecaries began to directly treat customers without physician authorization so pharmacies and physicians competed

Question 15

New York City 1851

Answer 15

Pharmacist convention to develop standards for purity

Question 16

Philadelphia 1852

Answer 16

American Pharmaceutical Association founded

Question 17

Problems Facing Pharmacy at Time of APhA’s Founding

Answer 17

-Nostrums were endangering public health
-Supply of Drugs was becoming adulterated
-No effective laws governed medicine or pharmacy
-Large scale manufacturing broke down the apprencticeship system

Question 18

APhA: Original Nine Objectives

Answer 18

1. Create a national association with a constitution and code of ethics
2. Support schools of pharmacy
3. Improve the selection and training of pharmacy apprentices
4. Investigate secret medicines and quackery
5. Urge enactment of laws for the inspection of imported drugs
6. Adopt a National Pharmacopoeia as a guide in preparing medicines
7. Curb indiscriminate sale of poisons
8. Separate pharmacy from the practice of medicine
9. Encourage presentation of orginal papers on pharmacy and science

Question 19

Prior to Civil War

Answer 19

6 pharmacy programs in U.S
Programs sought to supplement knowledge obtained during apprenticeship

Question 20

1860s

Answer 20

Colleges of Pharmacy established at state universities

Question 21

Urban Drugstores

Answer 21

1850s: Front end had to work pharmacy work area; back end had mini factory
1890s; Work area moved to the back store; factory gone; more front store goods; emergence of soda fountain

Question 22

Drugstores

Answer 22

-Half of all pharmacists owned/ managed their own drugstores
-Soda fountains remained centerpiece of front store

Question 23

1900-1910

Answer 23

Chain drugstores began to form like walgreens

Question 24

Manufacturers did what in the mid to late 1800s

Answer 24

established laboratories to standardize ingredient quantity and quality and standardize potency of existing products

Question 25

1902

Answer 25

First research-specific facility for a manufacturer in the US

Question 26

Beginning 1850s

Answer 26

emergence of ready made pharmaceutical preparations

Question 27

1888

Answer 27

National Formulary published by APhA

Question 28

1890s

Answer 28

Mass produced compressed tablets

Question 29

1920s

Answer 29

Birth of the modern, research-oriented United States pharmaceutical industry

Question 30

1940s

Answer 30

Increase in government spending on drug/biomedical research

Question 31

Licensure

Answer 31

Until 1880s: Unregulated free-for-all

Question 32

1880s

Answer 32

New state pharmacy practice laws -required new pharmacists to complete apprencticeship

Question 33

1905

Answer 33

New York first state to require graduation from a pharmacy program

Question 34

what happened with licensure requirements in the 1940s

Answer 34

States increased licensure requirements gradually but erratical

Question 35

Majority of stores employed how many pharmacists in the 1900s

Answer 35

One; this led to assistant pharmacists who could perform duties of registered pharmacists

Question 36

1892

Answer 36

First four year baccalaureate degree program -National Syllabus Committee -Lengthening of program duration for credentialed schools -Degrees varied amongst schools

Question 37

Prior to 1930

Answer 37

75% of small hospitals had no full time pharmacists on staff

Question 38

Importance of compounding grew or declined in community drugstores?

Answer 38

Declined

Question 39

1951

Answer 39

Prescription requirement

Question 40

1969

Answer 40

Revision of Code of Ethics

Question 41

1990

Answer 41

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA)

Question 42

Pharmacy: Mid 1900s to Today

Answer 42

Pharmacy education expansion Late 1970s: Computerization 1990s: Era of mergers, market consolidation Tough road for independent pharmacies