history-medicene

Question 1

Who was Hippocrates and what were his ideas on medicine?

Answer 1

-father of medicine
-Greek
-wine and vinegar to wash wounds
-metal surgical instruments allowed amputation and draining of lungs

Question 2

What did the Greeks believe about illness?

Answer 2

4 humours - body’s humours being out of balance caused illness

Question 3

What did the romans believe about medicine?

Answer 3

‘Prevention rather than cure’

Question 4

Who was galen and what did he believe about medicine?

Answer 4

-roman
-treatment of opposites
-live experiment proved brain controlled body not the heart
-dissected animals - thought they were the same as humans (believed for 1500 years)

Question 5

How were doctors trained?

Answer 5

-at least 7 years at university
-learned by listening to lectures and debating
-possibly leave university without seeing patient
-learned treatments of galen and Hippocrates

Question 6

What were the believed treatments on the Black Death?

Answer 6

-eat lettuce
-paste on bubions

Question 7

What year was the Black Death?

Answer 7

1348

Question 8

What were the symptoms of the Black Death?

Answer 8

-Boyles
-flu-like
-internal bleeding
-1 week to die

Question 9

How was the Black Death spread?

Answer 9

Rats on ships from Chinese trade routes

Question 10

What were the consequences of the Black Death?

Answer 10

-Lack of law and order
-no farming - no food (famine)
-life stopped

Question 11

What was believed to cause the Black Death?

Answer 11

-sight - looking at someone with the disease
-poisoned air - punishment form god

Question 12

How many died in the Black Death?

Answer 12

15 million
1/2 population

Question 13

What is a renaissance?

Answer 13

A period in history that flourished (rebirth)

Question 14

How were medieval hospitals effective?

Answer 14

-quiet and clean
-priests to help patients
-provide free treatment
-few large hospitals

Question 15

How were medieval hospitals not effective?

Answer 15

-only 12 patients - focus on religion
-didn’t cure illness
-only 10 % cured sick
-run by monks and nuns of strict pattern of diet and prayer

Question 16

What was Christian medicine like?

Answer 16

-no doctors in hospitals
-hospitals run by nuns and monks
-church controlled education
-10% of hospitals treated sick
-hospitals funded by charities

Question 17

Describe public health in towns

Answer 17

-water from rivers
-local councils did little to improve
-live animals in streets
-sewage in streets
-believed disease was spread by miasma

Question 18

Describe public health in monasteries

Answer 18

-routine to keep clean
-clean water supply
-washed clothes regularly
-toilets emptied into pit

Question 19

Who was Vesalius and what did he do?

Answer 19

-founder of modern anatomy
-carried out experiments to locate the best places for bloodletting
-realised there were many mistakes in galen’s writing
-proved humans and animals were different
-published a new book on anatomy

Question 20

Describe the features of new hospitals

Answer 20

-attitudes towards mental health changed
-dispensaries
-distributed medicine

Question 21

What did john hunter do?

Answer 21

-experimented on human corpses
-trained surgeons
-removed aneurysm by tying off artery

Question 22

When was the print and press invented and how did it help medicine?

Answer 22

1451
Allowed ideas to be spread quickly and easily

Question 23

What did Edward Jenner do?

Answer 23

Investigated smallpox with people who had cowpox
Found treatment for smallpox

Question 24

What year was the great plague?

Answer 24

1665

Question 25

What were the believed causes of the grate plague?

Answer 25

-comets/planets -sin from god -miasma

Question 26

What were the superstitious treatments of the great plague?

Answer 26

-confession of sins -bloodletting/purging

Question 27

What were the rational treatments of the great plague?

Answer 27

-herbal remedies -drawing of blood/fluids from buboes

Question 28

Why did the great plague end?

Answer 28

People grew immunity

Question 29

How many people died during the great plague?

Answer 29

100,000 1 in 5 living in London

Question 30

What were some traditional treatments?

Answer 30

-purging-4 humours -barber/surgeon -apothecaries- little or no medical training

Question 31

What were some new treatments at the time of the renaissance?

Answer 31

-opium as an anaesthetic -lemons and limes to treat scurvy -quacks - travelling salesman

Question 32

What did Joseph lister do?

Answer 32

-studied surgery -introduced new principles of cleanliness to surgery (aseptic surgery)

Question 33

What was aseptic surgery?

Answer 33

-spray carbolic acid to coat surgeons hands, instruments and the wound -also soak bandages, ligatures and dressings

Question 34

Why was aseptic surgery criticised?

Answer 34

People weren’t familiar with the germ theory so didn’t think they needed to be hygienic

Question 35

Who discovered chloroform and how?

Answer 35

-James Simpson -discovered by accident

Question 36

Who discovered nitrous oxide and how?

Answer 36

-Thomas beddoes + Humphrey Davy -experimented inhaling nitrous oxide

Question 37

Who discovered ether?

Answer 37

William Clark

Question 38

What were the oppositions to anaesthetics?

Answer 38

-some thought the pain was a punishment from god -some patients died - they didn’t understand dosage

Question 39

What is the problem with ether?

Answer 39

Difficult to inhale, caused vommiting + highly flammable

Question 40

Who was Pasteur and what did he do?

Answer 40

-french chemist + biologist -discovered causes + preventions of disease -1861 - published the germ theory

Question 41

Who was Koch and what did he do?

Answer 41

-first person to challenge spontaneous generation and suggest microbes cause infection -war surgeon -known as founder of modern bacteriology -identified bacteria caused anthrax, cholera and tuberculosis -injected disease into mice

Question 42

What did Edwin Chadwick do?

Answer 42

-famous public health inquiry — need for action

Question 43

What year was the cholera outbreak?

Answer 43

1831

Question 44

What did people think caused cholera?

Answer 44

-miasma from rotting animals, rubbish and human waste

Question 45

How many died in the cholera outbreak?

Answer 45

50,000

Question 46

What does the governments approach of laissez - faire mean?

Answer 46

Leave alone

Question 47

What was the real cause of cholera and who discovered it?

Answer 47

-dirty water -dr john snow

Question 48

What were the symptoms of cholera?

Answer 48

-violently sick -painful diarrhoea -skin + toenails turned black -fell into coma and died

Question 49

How did john snow discover what caused cholera?

Answer 49

-removed handle of water pump so no one could use it -no more deaths from cholera in the area -proved cholera was not form miasma but by dirty water

Question 50

What were magic bullets?

Answer 50

A chemical drug that kill the germs causing a specific disease without harming the rest of the body

Question 51

What impact did WW1 have on medicine?

Answer 51

-shell shock - seen as mental not physical -blood transfusions - found a way to stop blood clotting and how to transfer to front lines -broken bones - arm-leg splint which is still used today -X-rays - mobile X-rays -plastic surgery - realised the look of soldiers after war mattered as well -infection - wash wounds with salt solution

Question 52

What did Alexander Fleming do?

Answer 52

-1928 - published findings on effects of the penicillin mould -discovered penicillin which helped soldiers in WW2

Question 53

Describe the start of penicillin production

Answer 53

-Flemming discovered effects - treat infections -mass produced -shipped to front lines during WW2 to treat soldiers

Question 54

What are the effects of WW2 on medicine?

Answer 54

-heart surgery - could cut into beating hearts -NHS was born -poverty - highlighted levels of poverty -drug development - enough penicillin to treat public -hygiene + disease - encouraged public to keep healthy -plastic surgery - work of reconstructed faces respecter all over world -diet - shortage of food encouraged growing own food (food + veg) -blood transfusions - blood banks set up

Question 55

Give some examples of liberal reforms

Answer 55

-free school meals for children -all births registered -national insurance act -employment -poverty and housing improved

Question 56

What did booth do and find?

Answer 56

-investigated lives of poor in London -30% didn’t have enough to eat despite having jobs

Question 57

What did rowntree do and find?

Answer 57

-Investigated lives of poor in York -28% didn’t have enough to live on