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Anesthesia Pharmacology > History of Anesthesia > Flashcards

History of Anesthesia Flashcards

Test 1

1
Q

Anesthesia is the lack of ______

A

feeling/sensation

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2
Q

What defines General Anesthesia?

A

A drug induced loss of consciousness ONLY

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3
Q

What are the types of regional anesthesia?

A

Peripheral
Spinal
Epidural

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4
Q

What are the 3 categories of sedation? What things are effected?

A

Minimal (Anxiolysis): This is usually versed in preop. nothing is usually effected, BUT CAN BE.

Moderate: Able to still respond to verbal commands/touch; ventilation = adequate; CVS = usually maintained

Deep: Responsive after repeated/painful stimulation; may need assistance maintaining airway and ventilating; CVS = usually maintained

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5
Q

Acupuncture is associated with _______

A

Asian culture

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6
Q

____________ below Apollo’s temple were used to predict the future

A

Ethylene fumes

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7
Q

___________ was used to temporarily get people to forget painful stimulus

A

carotid compression

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8
Q

Significance: Hippocrates

A

Wanted pt to stop moving to specifically accommodate to surgeon

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9
Q

Significance: Dioscorides

A

1st pharm book:
Materia Medica

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10
Q

What was the 1st pharm book? Describe it

A

Materia Medica

Focused on plants, animals, mineral products
360 medical properties

5 volumes

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11
Q

Significance: Mandragor & wine

A

Hallucinogenic
Human shaped
“magical properties”

Dioscorides had alot of details about this in materia medica

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12
Q

What was used as a reversal agent for inhaled substances in the Middle Ages?

A

inhaled vinegar

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13
Q

What was the 1st true inhalation vapor?

A

Diethyl ether

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14
Q

Significance: Valerius Cordus

A

-Made Diethyl Ether which was very flammable
–Used for recreation dt whiskey tax
-German botanist, physician

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15
Q

Significance: Sir Christopher Wren & Robert Boyle

A

Created IV using goose quill
-used bladder as IV bag
-member of royal society of London members
-learned about metabolism

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16
Q

Significance: Joseph Priestly

A

-Discovered o2, nitrous oxide
-discovered photosynthesis

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17
Q

Significance: Humphry Davy

A

Discovered K, Na, Ca, Mg
-suggested nitrous oxide for pain control

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18
Q

Significance: Horace Wells

A

Dentist
-used nitrous oxide and realized pts had no recall of pain/injury
-self administered for tooth extraction

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19
Q

Significance: Andrews

A

chicago surgeon
-1st person to mix nitrous w/ o2 to prevent hypoxia

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20
Q

Significance: Hewitt

A

1st anesthesia machine with nitrous/oxygen

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21
Q

Significance: Crawford Long

A

Used ether for pt with 2 vascular neck tumors

22
Q

Significance: William Morton

A

Dentist
-Used ether for denture fittings

23
Q

Significance: Robinson Squibb

A

Developed process for pure ether

24
Q

The 1st public demonstration of ether was in _____

25
Significance: James Simpson
OB doctor -Didnt want women to have pain during childbirth -defined pain as "actual or potential tissue damage"
26
Significance: John Snow
Anesthetist -Treated Queen Victoria -discovered epidemiology when he traced London cholera outbreak to water supply
27
What are considerations with chloroform?
Causes hepatotoxicity in children -light chloroform increases adrenaline -->fatal vtach (deep prevents this)
28
Significance: Levy
-light chloroform increases adrenaline -->fatal vtach (deep prevents this)
29
Significance: Guthrie
Delayed causes of hepatotoxicity in children
30
Significance: Koller
Ophthalmologist -used anesthesia for eye sx
31
Significance: Halsted
1st regional (mandibular) nerve block w/ cocaine
32
Significance: August Bier
1st spinal w/ cocaine
33
Significance: Mary Bernard
1st nurse anesthetist
34
Significance: Alice Magaw
"Mother of Anesthesia" 14000 ether cases without death
35
Significance: Agatha Hodgin
Opened 1st CRNA school in france Founded AANA
36
Compare: Cyclopropane Halothane isoflurane
Cyclopropane: violently explosive Halothane: cause hepatitis; slow onset/emergence Isoflurane: relatively safe; less N/V than halothane; quicker onset
37
Significance: Desflurane
Rapid uptake and distribution(most rapid onset/offset) -large quantity needed to achieve anesthesia = expensive
38
Significance: Edmund Egar
Anesthesiologist -experimented w/ Desflurane -end-tidal concentration correlated to movement
39
Significance: sevoflurane
-intermediate action between isoflurane & desflurane **unstable in lime soda** -doesn't irritate airway **LAST NEW INHALED ANESTHETIC CREATED**
40
What is the triad that we want to create in anesthesia consist of? What is this called?
Amnesia Analgesia Muscle relaxation "balanced anesthesia"
41
Curare is a ______neuromusclar blocker. ________ is based off this drug.
Non-depolarizing Rocuronium
42
Significance: Liston
Sx longer than 20 mins = death -Killed 3 people in 1 operation (1 pt & 2 assistants)
43
Significance: George Crile
local infiltration of procaine -has instrument named after him
44
Significance: Harvey Cushing
big on data collection - anesthetic records -BP/HR measurements
45
What are the 5 phases of anesthesia?
1. Preoperative 2. Induction. 3. Maintenance. 4. Emergence. 5. Postoperative.
46
How many stages are there in anesthesia?
4
47
What is stage 1 of anesthesia?
**Beginning of induction to loss of consciousness:** 1st plane: no meds 2nd plane: amnestic; partially analgesic 3rd plane: Loss of conscioisness (complete analgesia/amnesia)
48
What is stage 2 of anesthesia?
**Loss of consciousness to onset of automatic breathing** -eyelash reflex disappears -coughing, vomiting and irregular respirations may occur
49
What are considerations do we need to have during stage 2 of anesthesia?
Risk for aspiration -risk for Laryngospasm - decreased HR/CO **want to get out this stage as quickly as possible** **no stimulation during this stage**
50
What is stage 3 of anesthesia?
**Onset of automatic respirations to respiratory paralysis** 1st plane: automatic respiration to cessation of eyeball movements 2nd: sensation of eyeball movements to beginning of intercostal muscle paralysis; secretion of tears increase 3rd: beginning to completion of intercostal muscle paralysis; pupils dilate; **desired plane prior to muscle relaxant** 4th: complete intercostal paralysis to diaphragm paralysis
51
What stage are we able to begin surgery in?
Stage 3
52
What is stage 4 of anesthesia?
Stoppage of respiration till death **don't want to get here; sedation too deep**

Anesthesia Pharmacology (7 decks)

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