history of criminology Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
origin of the word “criminology”
A
the term criminology was derived from the italian term “criminologia” coined by Raffaelle Garofalo in 1885
2
Q
french anthropologist, used the term “criminologie”
A
Paul Topinard in 1887
3
Q
according to him criminology is the entire body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon.
A
Edwin Sutherland
4
Q
evolution of criminal laws
A
prehistoric crime and punishment the early codes the hittites code of drakon laws of solon romes twelve tables
5
Q
primitive tribes prehistoric crime and punishment
A
- punishment may be in the form of ostracism and expusion
- adultery may be punished by the aggrieved husband who may kill the adulterer and his own offending wife
- crime may be avenged by the victim himself or by the victim’s family
6
Q
the king of bayblon during the 18th century bc, is recognized as the first codifier of laws
A
Hammurabi
7
Q
it provides the first comprehensive view of the laws in the early days
A
code of Hammurabi
8
Q
the punishment should be the same as the harm inflicted on the victim
A
law of talion
9
Q
principle of “tit and tat”
A
law of talion
10
Q
an eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth
A
law of talion
11
Q
according to the code of Hammurabi a son who struck his father would suffer
A
amputation of the hand
12
Q
according to the code of Hammurabi if in an assault a victim’s bone is broken the punishment is
A
braking of the same bone of the assailant
13
Q
according to the code of Hammurabi if a house has collapsed and the owner’s son died the punishment would be
A
execution of the builders son
14
Q
according to the code of Hammurabi a killer is answerable not to the family of the victim but to the _______
A
KING
15
Q
according to hittites capital punishment was used for many offenses except
A
homicide and robbery
16
Q
according to hittites rape, sexual intercourse with animals, defiance of the authority and sorcery were all punishible by _________
A
death
17
Q
according to hittites law enforcement and judicial functions were placed in the hands of
A
commanders of military garrisons
18
Q
known as the “ultimate in severity”
A
code of Drakon
19
Q
the athenian law giver of the 7th century BC
A
Drakon
20
Q
in code of Drakon murderers might avoid execution by going into _______
A
Exile
21
Q
one of the first to see that a lawgiver had to make laws that applied equally to all citizens and also saw that the law of punishment had to maintain proportionality to the crimes committed
A
Solon
22
Q
in laws of Solon the punishment for theft is
A
the thief is required to return stolen property and pay the victim a sum equal twice its value
23
Q
foundation of all laws in rome and written in tablets of bronze
A
Rome’s twelve tables
24
Q
the twelve tables were drafted by the?
A
Decemvirs
25
a body of men composed of patricians
Decemvirs
26
a group of ruling class families in ancient Rome
patricians
27
in 12 tables a person who committed arson of a house or a stack of corn will be punished by
burned alive
28
in 12 tables any act of treason was punishable by
crucifixion
29
in 12 tables judges who accepted bribes as well as those who bribed them were subjected to
execution
30
in 12 tables if a man break another's limb and does not compensate the injury he shall be liable to _______
retaliation (revenge)
31
He believed that criminal characteristics were inherited and recommended that people with such characteristics should not be allowed to reproduce
Charles Goring
32
According to him, people with epilepsy, insanity and feeblemindedness were among those who should not be allowed to have children
Charles Goring
33
German phrenologist who was the assistant of Gall
Johann Kaspar Spurzheim
34
He was the man most responsible for popularizing and spreading phrenology to a wide audience
Johann Kaspar Spurzheim
35
This refers to the study of the body build of a person in relation to his temperament and personality and the type of offense he is most prone to commit
Physiology or Somatotype
36
The study which searches the relationship pf body build to behavior became popular during the first half of the 20th century
Physiology or Somatotype
37
He correlated body build and constitution with characters or temperamental reactions and mentality
Ernest Kretchmer
38
Ernest Kretchmer distinguished 3 types of physique
Asthenic
Athletic
Pyknic
39
Medium height, rounded figures, massive neck, broad face; they to tend to commit deception, fraud and violence
Pyknic
40
Lean, slightly build, narrow shoulders; their crimes are petty thievery and fraud
Asthenic
41
Medium to tall, strong, muscular, coarse bones; they are usually connected with crimes of violence
Athletic
42
Formulated his own group of somatotype: type of physique temperament
William Shelldon
43
Relatively large viscerotonic - generally digestive viscera; round body; relax and comfortable short tampering limbs, small person, loves luxury and bones; smooth, velvet skin essentially extrovert
Endothermic
44
Relative pre-dominancecerebrotonic - introvert of skin and its appendages which prone to allergies, skin troubles, includes the nervous system; it has chronic fatigue, insomnia, sensitive fragile and delicate bones skin and sensitive to noise with droopy shoulders, small face and sharp nose, fine hair and with relatively small body
Ectomorphic
45
With relative romotonic - active predominance of muscles, bones dynamic; walk, talks and motor organs of the body and gestures assertively with large wrist and hand and behaves aggresively
Mesomorph
46
He studied the lives of the members of the Jukes family and reffered to Ada Jukes as the mother of criminals
Richard Dugdale
47
He claimed that since families produce generations of criminals, they must have been transmitting degenrate traits down the line
Richard Dugdale
48
Descendants of Ada Jukes there were
```
280 paupers
60 thieves
7 murderers
40 other criminals
40 persons with venereal deseases
50 prostitutes
```
49
Studied Martin Kalikak and his family
Henry Goddard
50
This explains the psychological determinants of which define a behavior of a person
Psychological determinism
51
Father of Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud
52
Founded the psychoanalytic theory of criminality
Sigmund Freud
53
In psychoanalytic theory personality is compromised by three components
ID
Ego
Super Ego
54
Serves as the moral conscience of an individual
Super Ego
55
ID
Instinctual Drive
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Governed by the "pleasure principle"
ID
57
Considered to be the sensible and responsible part of an individual's personality and is governened by the "reality principle"
Ego
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Structured by what values were taught by the parents, the school, and the community, as well is the belief in god
Super Ego
59
It is largely responsible for making a person follow the moral codes of society
Super Ego
60
A theory that looks at the pffender as having the same psychological make-up as that of a non-offender
Emotional problems Theories
61
A theory that believes that a law offender does not have a great mental sickness that causes him to commit crimes but rather, he commit crimes because of the everyday emotional problems that made him enable to cope. As a result, the offender acts out criminality
Emotional problems theory
62
Two (2) general types of mental disorder
Organic disorder
| Functional disorder
63
A disorder were the psychological cause can be identified such as, head injury that left the mind blank, senility, parkinson's desease and alzheimer's desease
Organic disorder
64
Refers to the brain's disorder or sickness
Organic disorder
65
Characterized by strange behavior that cannot be traced to any known organic desease. Examples of it are those people with no apparent brain sickness who hear voices that others do not hear, or who see things that others do not see
Functional disorder
66
Types of mental disorder
Neuroses
| Psychoses
67
Most common neuroses
- Anxiety
- Obssessive compulsive behavior
- obssession
- compulsion
- phobia
- depression
- impulse disorder
68
Most common types of psychoses
- schizoprenia
- paranoia
- delusion
- hallucination
- delusions of grandeur
- delusions of persecutions
69
Gradual impairement of the intellect, characterized by delusions or hallucination
Paranoia
70
False belief
Delusion
71
A repetitive and irresistible thoughts or urge
Obsession
72
A common type of mental disorder used to explain criminal behavior
Neuroses
73
Neuroses also referred to as
Hysteria or neurasthenia
74
Characterized by distortions or withrawal fron reality, disturbances of thoughts and language and withrawal from social contact
Schizoprenia
75
False perception
Hallucination
76
Schizoprenia is also called
Dementia preacox
77
Excessive or uncontrollable fear of something generally exaggerated fear of things that normal people do not fear with the same degree
Phobia
78
An excessive or unreasonable desire to do or have something an irrational or irresistible motive; examples of this are kleptomania, pyromania, dipsomania and others
Impulse disorder
79
People who suffer from this have unwanted, intrusive and repetitive thoughts or behaviors
Obssessive compulsive behavior
80
A false belief that you are greater than everybody else
Delusions of grandeur
81
A false belief that other people are conspiring to kill, harm or embarrass you
Delusions of persecutions
82
Characterized by the person feeling ancious, fearfull anticipation or apprehension; the person may be iritable, have poor concentration and over reacts to things that are anoying
Anxiety
83
A repetitive behavior that is thought to produce or prevent somethig that is thought to be magically connected to the behavior
Compulsion
84
Extreme feeling of low morale, sadness, loneliness, self-pity aand despair
Depression
85
A more serious type of mental disorder which can be organic or functional
Psychoses
86
People who have this tends to lose contact of reality and have dificulty distinguishing reality from fantasy
Psychoses
87
People who is psychoses are called
Psychotic
88
this school of thought is based on the assumption that individuals choose to commit crimes after weighing the consequences of their actions
classical criminology
89
according to classical criminologists individuals have _______
free will
90
this theory , does not give any distinction between an adult and a minor or a mentally-handiccapped in as far as free will is concerned
classical theory
91
founders of classical criminology
Cesare Beccaria
| Jeremy Bentham
92
full name of Cesarre Beccaria
Cesare Bonessana Marchese DI Beccaria
93
Cesare Beccaria published a book in 1764 titled
"on crimes and punishment "
94
this book presented a coherent and omprehensive design for an enlightened criminal justice system that was to serve the people
"on crimes and punishment"
95
his book was influential in the reforms of penal code in France, Russia, Prussia and it influenced the first ten (10) emendments to the US constitution
Cesare Beccaria
96
in forming a human society, men and women sacrifice a portion of their liberty so as to enjot peace and security
Beccaria quotes
97
punishments that go beyond the need of preserving the public safety are in their nature unjust
Beccaria quotes
98
founded the concept of Utilitarianism
Jeremy Bentham
99
assumes that all our actions are calculated in accordance with their likelihood of bringing pleasure and pain
Utilitarianism
100
devised the pseudo-mathematical formula called "felicific calculus"
Jeremy Bentham
101
states that individuals are human calculators who put all the factors into an equation in order to decide whether a particular crime is worth committing or not
felicific calculus
102
this theory modified the doctrine of free will by stating that free will of men may be affected by other factors and crime is committed due to some compelling reasons that prevail. these causes are pathology, incompetence, insanity or any condition that will make it impossible for the individual to exercise free will entirely.in the study of legal provisions, this is termed as either mitigating or exemoting circumstances
neoclassical theory
103
criminal law must be clear and certain judges must make uniform judjments in similar crimes
Beccaria
104
the law must be specify the degree of evidence that will justify the detention of an accused offender prior to his trial
Beccaria
105
accusations must be public. false accusations should be severely punished
Beccaria
106
during the late 18th centurysignificant advances in knowledge of both the physical and social world influenced thinking about crime
Positivist criminology
107
this moved the field of criminology from philosophical to a scientific perspective. from there, a more diligent search of criminal behavior began
positivism and evolutionism
108
the first to claim the importance of looking at individual difference among criminals.
positive theorist
109
positive theorist
concentrated on the individual structures of a person, stated that people are passive and controlled, whose behaviors are imposed upon them by biological and environmental factors
110
pathology
the science of the causes and effects of diseases
111
considered the father of modern criminology
Cesare Lombroso
112
he claimed that criminals are distinguishable from non-criminals due to the presence of atavistic stigmata
Cesare Lombroso
113
the physical features of creatures at an earlier stage of development
atavistic stigmata
114
according to Cesare Lombroso crimes are committed by those who are born with
certain recognizable heredity traits
115
according to Cesare Lombroso's theory criminals are usually in possession of
huge jaws and strong canine teeth, the arm span of criminals is often greater that their height, just like that of apes who use their forearms to push themselves along the ground
116
three classes of criminals according to Lombroso
born criminals
insane criminals
criminaloids
117
this explantaion for the existence of criminal traits associates an individual's evil disposition to physical disfigurement or impairment
biological determinism
118
those with make up of an ambiguous group that includes habitual criminals, criminals by passion and other diverse types
criminaloids
119
individuals with at least five (5) atavistic stigmata
born criminals
120
those who are not criminals by birth; they become criminals as a result of some changes in their brains which interfere with their ability to distinguish between right and wrong
insane criminals
121
italian physcian who founded the school of human physiognomy
Giambatitista Dela Porta (1535 - 1615)
122
physiognomy
study of of facial features and their relation to human behavior; the study of judging a person's character from facial features to determine whether the shape of the ears, nose and eyes and the distances between them were associated with anti-social behavior
123
swiss theologian who believed that people's true characters ad inclinations could be read from their facial features
Johann Kaspar Lavater (1741 - 1801)
124
a renowned neuroanatomist and physiologist and a pioneer in the study of the localization of mental functions in the brain
Franz Joseph Gall (1758 - 1828)
125
a method to study the personality and development of mental and moral faculties based on the external shape of the skull
cranioscopy
126
cranioscopy was renames as
phrenology
127
phrenology
the study that deals with the realationship between the skull and human behavior
128
who developed cranioscopy
Franz Jospeh Gall
