Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIOL 271- Heredity > History of DNA > Flashcards

History of DNA Flashcards

(51 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Who is Fredrich Miescher?

A

Discovered the nuclei in 1871

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Who theorized that proteins were the cause of inherited diseases?

A

Archibald Garrod (1902), said that inherited diseases were caused by the lacking of certain enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What did Frederick Griffiths do?

A

Worked with a type of strep bacteria with two types to later discover Bacterial Transformation, termed conversion of one bacteria type into another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name the two types of the bacteria used in the experiment and why they were different:

A

Two types of Streptococcus pneumoniae
Smooth- Type S, has polysaccharide capsule
- allowed for evasion of immune system
Rough- Type R, no capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How was the experiment done?

A

Mice were injected with..
1 with type S- mouse died
1 with type R- mouse lived
1 with killed type S- mouse lived
1 with type R and killed type S- mouse died
The killed type S transferred its deadly quality to type R causing the mouse to die even though the type S was killed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

MacLeod and McCarty 1944, Transforming Principle

A

Treated lysed S bacteria w/ protease and DNase
Only DNase prevented transformation, killed all DNA only proteins left

Therefore, DNA is transforming principle which is why type R was converted to type S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hershey and Chase 1953

A

Infected E. Coli bacteria with a virus that had a protein head surrounding the DNA
Blended virus transfers DNA not protein into bacterial cell

Therefore, DNA is genetic material used to make the viral protein and DNA = new copies of virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Discovery of DNA Structure

A

Franklin and Wilkins, 1952
Used X-ray Diffusion
Figured out overall structure through x-ray deflection patterns
2 DNA forms A (dry and crystalline)
B ( wet and cellular)

Photo 51 shows the B form of DNA in its helix shape due to the x pattern that was created

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Watson and Crick

A

Created the final model of DNA using past research to show 3D model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Building Block of DNA

A

Nucleotide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are Nucleotides made of?

A

Sugar (Deoxyribose)
Phosphate
Base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Purines

A

bases with 2 ring structure
Guanine
Adenine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pyrimidines

A

bases with single ring structures
Thymine
Cytosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Nucleotides are joined in chains by what?

A

phosphodiester bonds between the sugars and phosphates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the bond between sugars and phosphates called?

A

sugar-phosphate backbones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

DNA is….

A

Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

A polymer consisting of a chain of nucleotides

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Bases contain..

A

Nucleic Acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Double Helix

A

Shape of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the directional ends of DNA strands labeled as?

A

5’ and 3’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The separate strands of DNA are…

Study These Flashcards
A

complementary and anti-parallel

22
Q

Adenine pairs with

Study These Flashcards
A

Thymine (Uracil in RNA)

23
Q

Cytosine pairs with

24
Q

Chromatin forms

25
Tips of Chromosomes
Telomeres
26
Centromeres...
constrict the chromosome attach spindle
27
Telomeres are..
origin of replication sites
28
Euchromatin
don't stain | active genes
29
Heterochromatin
Stain | few protein genes
30
Centromere patterns
Telocentric- tip Acrocentric- off center Submetacentric- close to center Metacentric- at center
31
Cytogenetics
subdiscipline of genetics focuses on chromosome variations abnormal number of gene copies or chromosomes can lead to genetic abnormalities
32
Fetal Tissue Studying
Amniocentesis Chronic Villi Sampling Fetal Cell sorting Chromosome microarray analysis
33
Adult Tissue
White Blood cells | Cheek swabs- Skin
34
Karyotype
chart arranging chromosomes according to size and grouped in pairs
35
FISH stands for
Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization- DNA probes labeled with dyes bind complementary DNA
36
What do the letters in DNA stand for?
Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
37
Who are the two scientists credited with discovering the structure of DNA?
Watson and Crick
38
If DNA is a polymer made up of monomers what are those monomers called?
Nucleotides
39
The backbone of DNA is made up of two components. What are they?
Deoxyribose (sugar) and phosphate
40
There are four different bases what are they?
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
41
There are two different types of molecules: purines and pyrimidines. What is the difference between the two?
Purines have two rings in their structure and pyrimidines have one ring in there structure.
42
What is Chargoff's rule of DNA?
Any species that contains equal amounts of adenine and thymine also have equal amounts of cytosine and guanine.
43
Bases are paired by...?
Hydrogen Bonds
44
Adenine and Thymine have how many H bonds?
Two
45
Cytosine and Guanine have how many H bonds?
Three
46
DNA Structure (Draw & Label)
... In notebook
47
Write Complementary Strand | AATTCGCCGGTATTAGACGTT
TTAAGCGGCCATAATCTGCAA
48
In a nucleic acid molecule that contains thymine what kind of sugar would you expect to find?
Deoxyribose
49
In a nucleic acid molecule that contains thymine what other bases would you expect to find?
Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine
50
If it is established that thymine makes up 13% of the bases in the molecule and that the molecule is double stranded, what are the percentages of the other bases?
A will be same because of complementary base pairing so 13% C and G together will be 74% (divide this by 2 because there are 2 bases therefore each will be 37%)
51
If it is established that thymine makes up 13% of the bases in the molecule and that the molecule is single-stranded, can you predict the percentages in which the other bases would occur?
You can't determine this because its a single stranded molecule and there is no complementary base pairing

BIOL 271- Heredity (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions