History of English - W06 Flashcards
(31 cards)
Venacular Languages
Medieval Languages
(of the people, generally spoken)
Middle Age Literacy
- Latin (Clergy)
- Expensive (parchemin sheep skin)
Futhorc
(vs. Latin)
- Runic Script
- No J,K,Q,V,Z
- eth (dt), yogh (3), aesc (ae)
- thorn (Ip), wynn (P)
- i=j
- Phonemic writing system
”"”Qu”” in English
- Origin
“
French
sc (OE) = PDE
Sh
- sceotan = Showtan, shoot
cg (OE) = PDE
Does not exist in PDE (^j)
C (OE) = PDE (pronunciation)
Always (k)
Consonants (One to one correspondence)
Exceptions
- ‘þ’ + ‘ð’ (both used for) [Ө] + [ð]
- wynn ‘ƿ’ = [w]
- yogh ‘ȝ’ = [g], [j]
- h = [h], [ç] or [x]
- sc = sh
- cg [j̆]
Umluaut (OE)
- fronting and raising
- found in inflectional endings (lost)
OE (Values of Characters - Vowels)
- Long and short vowels
- Diagraph (ae)
- 4 New Vowel Sounds
- Umluaut
OE (Long and Short Vowels)
- i [i] or [ɪ]
- Distinguish Meaning
OE
- 4 New Vowel Sounds
- ȳ [ȳ]
- y [Y]
- ea [æə]
- eo [ɛə]
Old English (Compositions)
- Almost all Proto-Germanic
- Borrowings (Latin, Old Norse)
- Compounding (Roots, Self-Explaining)
- Derivations (affixes + suffixes to existing roots)
Old English
(Accusative Case)
- Direct Object
Old English
(Nominative Case)
- Subject of Sentence
Old English is an inflected language
Its nouns, pronouns, adjectives and determiners must be declined in order to serve a grammatical function.
OE
(Gentive Case)
Possession
OE
Dative Case
Indirect object
OE
(Instrumental case)
- Did not exist in OE
OE Adjectives & Demonstrative
- Inflected (gender, number, case)
- Weak form (when preceded by article or pronoun)
OE Demonstrative/Definite articles
- 2 Main demonstratives
- se (that + the)
- þes (this)
OE Definite Articles never Compulsory
”- Not Obligated
- Always means ““that””
“
Old English Verbs
(declined for)
- Person
- Number
- Tense
- Mood
OE Verbs
(Declensions)
2 Numbers: Singular/Plural
2 Tenses: Present and Past (preterite)
3 Moods: Indicative/Subjonctive/Imperative
3 Persons: 1/2/3
