History Of Medicine

Question 1

What was the bacteria that caused the Black Death called?

Answer 1

Yersinia Pestis

Question 2

How did the disease get to England

Answer 2

Tradeships coming to England that carried rats

Question 3

Explain how rodents spread Black Death

Answer 3

Rodents carried fleas
Fleas bit rats snd became infected
Rat died and flea looked for new home
Jumped onto human and infected them with the bacteria

Question 4

Make three symptoms of Black Death

Answer 4

Buboes
Fever
Coughing up blood

Question 5

What did people think the cause for the Black Death was?

Answer 5

Punishment from God
Miasma
Difficult alignment of planets
Four humours out of balance

Question 6

What did people do to prevent Black Death?

Answer 6

Flagellation (whipping themselves)
Burning fires to remove bad smells
Drain buboes of foul smelling liquid

Question 7

Treatments for Black Death

Answer 7

Blood letting to balance humors
Quarantine
Pray/ pay the church

Question 8

How did Edward third react to Black Death

Answer 8

Ordered for streets to be cleaned and to quarantine travellers

Question 9

Where did Galen think blood was produced

Answer 9

The liver

Question 10

What was Sydenham’s beliefs on how to diagnose patients?

Answer 10

Observe patients
Record descriptions of patients symptoms
Prescribe a remedy

Question 11

Why did people not believe Harvey’s work?

Answer 11

Challenged Galen’s ideas

Question 12

What were the longer term impacts of Harvey’s discovery?

Answer 12

Drs questioned Galen’s ideas
Harvey promoted research

Question 13

Who did the government employ to investigate Cholera problem?

Answer 13

Edwin Chadwick

Question 14

What were Chadwick’s recommendations in ‘sanitary conditions of the labouring population of Great Britain’?

Answer 14

Remove rubbish from streets
Improve water quality and supply
Install government funded drainage
Appoint medical officer in each district

Question 15

What were the features of the first public health act?

Answer 15

Establishment of board of health
States towns could clean and improve facilities though they had to pay themselves

Question 16

What were the features of the second public health act?

Answer 16

Clean water supplied to each house
Medical officers appointed to each house
Rubbish collected and disposed of
Sewers built to prevent contamination

Question 17

What other acts were included in the second public health act

Answer 17

Artisans and labours act
Sale of food and drugs act

Question 18

Who did the government employ to build the sewers in London 1858?

Answer 18

Joseph Bazalgette

Question 19

Where was the pump located that caused the cholera outbreak 1854?

Answer 19

Broad street SoHo

Question 20

Who were not infected by the 1854 Cholera outbreak and why?

Answer 20

Brewery workers because they had their own water pump

Question 21

Who was the village boy Jenner tested his theory on?

Answer 21

James Phipps

Question 22

What was Jenners theory?

Answer 22

Milkmaids never caught smallpox because they had already caught cowpox

Question 23

Who promoted spontaneous generation?

Answer 23

Felix Pauchet

Question 24

What was the spontaneous generation theory?

Answer 24

Microbes appeared when something was rotting.

Question 25

What was germ theory?

Answer 25

The idea germs caused decay.

Question 26

How did Pasteur figure out what caused milk and beer to sour?

Answer 26

Used swan neck jar to prove if germs couldn’t get into a substance it wouldn’t go off.

Question 27

What’s Pasteurisation?

Answer 27

Germs were killed with heat.

Question 28

What did Robert Koch do?

Answer 28

Proved the link between germs and disease. Identified that certain germs linked with certain diseases.

Question 29

What were the features on Nightingales notes on nursing?

Answer 29

Different wards for infectious patients Nurses should wash their hands often Clean air, water and efficient drainage

Question 30

How much money did the public donate to Nightingale?

Answer 30

£44,000

Question 31

What did Nightingale do with the money donated

Answer 31

Made Nightingales training school for nurses

Question 32

What are the four humors?

Answer 32

Blood Phlegm Black bile Yellow bile

Question 33

Causes of Great Plague?

Answer 33

Punishment by God Miasma contact with infected Unusual alignment of planet

Question 34

Religious preventions of Great Plague?

Answer 34

Repent sins Flagellation Donate money to the church

Question 35

Superstitious preventions and treatments of Great Plague?

Answer 35

Carry charms and precious stones Base treatments on alignment of planets

Question 36

Preventions of miasma Great Plague?

Answer 36

Clean up streets Kill Stray cats and dogs Wear a pomander

Question 37

Rational preventions of Great Plague?

Answer 37

Quarantine Mark infected persons door with a cross Lord Mayor of London stops crowds forming e.g. closing theatres

Question 38

What is a Parish searcher?

Answer 38

Parish searchers find people with symptoms and quarantines them

Question 39

Rational treatment of Great plague?

Answer 39

Sweat off plague- wear blankets and sit by fire Transfer the illness to another item by rubbing it on buboes

Question 40

Name three advances in diagnosis technology?

Answer 40

Ultrasound scans X-Rays Endoscopes

Question 41

Name the features of the three diagnosis technology?

Answer 41

Ultrasounds=use sound waves to create images in body. Monitor pregnancies/detect kidney stones X-rays=Radiation that passes through soft tissue but not bones. Identify broken bones Endoscopes=Long tubes with camera at end- inserted through small cut to reach key areas. Avoids need for major surgery.

Question 42

Name three things that can cause injuries in the trenches?

Answer 42

Artilleries Riffles/Machine guns Poisonous gas

Question 43

How did Artillery cause injury in the trenches?

Answer 43

Shrapnel shells fired out pieces out metal Metal tear off flesh, shatter bones and tear off limbs

Question 44

How did Machine guns and rifles cause injury in the trenches?

Answer 44

Powerful guns Bullets would hit vital organs and soldiers bleed out

Question 45

What poisonous gasses were used in WW1?

Answer 45

Mustard gas, chlorine, phosgene

Question 46

What were the effect of poisonous gases?

Answer 46

Suffocation and blindness

Question 47

When were hard helmets brought in?

Answer 47

1916

Question 48

What was the chain of evacuation?

Answer 48

stretcher bears--RAP--ADS---ambulance---casualty clearing stations--base hospital

Question 49

What did RAP stand for?

Answer 49

Regimental aid post

Question 50

What did ADS stand for?

Answer 50

Advanced dressing station

Question 51

What caused trench foot?

Answer 51

Constant dampness and bacteria in trenches

Question 52

Why was gangrene so common in the trenches?

Answer 52

Trenches were dirty- muds, rats and filthy uniform cause infection

Question 53

What caused trench fever?

Answer 53

The bacteria in lice poo

Question 54

What was the best way to prevent gangrene?

Answer 54

Amputation

Question 55

What was the first antibiotic?

Answer 55

Penicillin.

Question 56

Who discovered penicillin?

Answer 56

Alexander Fleming.

Question 57

Who mass produced Penicillin?

Answer 57

Florey and Chain.

Question 58

How much did the UK government give Florey and Chain to investigate?

Answer 58

£25

Question 59

Why did the US want Florey and Chain to mass produce penicillin?

Answer 59

To treat injured soldiers.

Question 60

How much did the US give Florey and Chain?

Answer 60

$80 million.

Question 61

Who was the first person to use penicillin

Answer 61

Policeman, Alexander Albert.

Question 62

Who was the King during the Black Death?

Answer 62

King Edward third

Question 63

Name three government campaigns?

Answer 63

Lifestyle campaigns Sugar tax Vaccinations campaign

Question 64

Which company proves link between lung cancer and smoking?

Answer 64

British medical research council

Question 65

What were the five giants in the Beveridge report?

Answer 65

Want Ignorance Squalor Idleness Disease

Question 66

What was Bevins role in government?

Answer 66

Minister for health

Question 67

Trench design?

Answer 67

Front line trench Supporting trench Communication trench Reserve trench

Question 68

Describe purpose of front line trench?

Answer 68

Where most attacks happened.

Question 69

What were the communication trenches?

Answer 69

Connects trenches together so troops can move and send messages.

Question 70

What does the RAMC stand for?

Answer 70

Royal army medical core.

Question 71

What did FANY stand for?

Answer 71

First aid nursing yeomanry.

Question 72

When were tanks first used WW1?

Answer 72

Somme 1916

Question 73

When was poisonous gas first used?

Answer 73

Second Ypres 1915

Question 74

What did FANY help with?

Answer 74

driving ambulances. driving supplies to front lines. setting up mobile bath units.

Question 75

Name three features of the Arras hospital?

Answer 75

750 stretchers as bed. An operating theatre. Electricity and water.

Question 76

Why was the Representation of the people act brought in?

Answer 76

Allowed men who fought in the war a chance to vote.

Question 77

What was the roll of the Thomas splint?

Answer 77

A way to heal bones by keeping the leg straight.

Question 78

Name three weaknesses with mobile x-ray units?

Answer 78

X rays took a long time to preform. Tubes would overheat quickly. Mobile X-ray unit photos were low quality.

Question 79

When were blood transfusions first introduced to base hospitals?

Answer 79

1915

Question 80

What could blood transfusions be done at casualty clearing stations?

Answer 80

1917.

Question 81

Who developed a blood transfusion kit?

Answer 81

Geoffrey Keynes.

Question 82

What were the problems with storing blood?

Answer 82

Blood would clot as it left the body.

Question 83

What invention allowed blood to be stored?

Answer 83

Adding sodium citrate. Kept it for 2 days.

Question 84

Who decided the use of sodium citrate?

Answer 84

Richard Lewisohn.

Question 85

When did Richard Lewisohn develop tech to stop blood clotting?

Answer 85

1915.

Question 86

What chemical was added to make blood keep for 4 weeks?

Answer 86

Citrate glucose.

Question 87

When was citrate glucose developed to be added to blood?

Answer 87

1916.

Question 88

Who developed the idea to add citrate glucose to blood?

Answer 88

Rous and Turner.

Question 89

How did the portable blood transfusion kit help?

Answer 89

Allowed blood to be given on Western front.

Question 90

Name the three solutions of treating infection?

Answer 90

Amputation. Wound excision. Carrel-Dakin method.

Question 91

What was the Carrel-Dakin method?

Answer 91

Put sterilised salt solution in a wound through a tube.

Question 92

What were some of the drawbacks of the Carrel-Daken method?

Answer 92

Only lasted 6 hours. Needed to be created as soon as needed.

Question 93

What was the guide to healthy living in the middle ages called?

Answer 93

Regimen Sanitatis.

Question 94

What did Regimen Sanitatis encourage?

Answer 94

Exercise. Not overeating. Sleep. Avoid stress. Everything in moderation.

Question 95

What did Salvarsan 606 cure?

Answer 95

Syphilis.

Question 96

Why was transporting soldiers hard?

Answer 96

Uneven land. Trenches narrow and zig-zag. Hard to get motorised vehicles. Horse drawn ambulances couldn't carry many people.

Question 97

Name the three acts that increased amount of people who could vote?

Answer 97

Second reform act (1867) Third reform act (1884) Representation of the people act (1918)

Question 98

Why was the second reform act important?

Answer 98

Increased the electorate to 2.5 million. Had to be over 21 and own property.

Question 99

Why was the Representation of the people act important?

Answer 99

Allowed all men over 21 to vote even if they didn't own property.

Question 100

What government brought in the second reform act?

Answer 100

Conservative.

Question 101

What government brought in the Representation of the people act?

Answer 101

Labour.

Question 102

What were the oppositions to the NHS?

Answer 102

General medical council were worried Drs would not be paid fair. Some politicians thought NHS cost too much for taxpayers.

Question 103

Who was the prime minister when the NHS was formed?

Answer 103

Attlee (labour).

Question 104

What was special about the battle of the Somme?

Answer 104

First use of tanks. Creeping barrage-shells launched from British to German lines.

Question 105

What was special about Cambrai?

Answer 105

First large scale use of tanks. 450 tanks.