History Of Medicine Flashcards
(52 cards)
1
Q
What happened 1846
A
Robert Liston uses ether as anaesthetic
2
Q
What happened 1847
A
Robert Simpson discovers chloroform as anaesthetic
3
Q
What happened 1848
A
Public Health Act
4
Q
What happened 1854
A
Cholera epidemic
John Snow + the broad st pump
5
Q
1858?
A
The Great Stink
6
Q
1859?
A
Florence Nightingale published Notes on Hospitals + Notes on Nursing
7
Q
1860?
A
Nightingale School for training of nurses established
8
Q
1861?
A
Pasteurs Germ theory
9
Q
1865
A
Listers first use of carbolic spray in surgery
Elizabeth Garrett officially qualifies to practise medicine
10
Q
1875
A
Public Health Act
Artisans’ Dwellings Act
11
Q
1876
A
Medical act= allows women to study medicine + qualify as doctors
12
Q
1878
A
Pasteur publishes Germ theory + its Applications To Medicine
13
Q
1882
A
Koch identifies microorganism causing tuberculosis
14
Q
1883
A
Koch identifies microorganism causing cholera
15
Q
1889
A
Infectious Disease Act
16
Q
1895
A
Röntgen discovers XRays
17
Q
1901
A
Landsteiner identifies different blood groups
18
Q
1907
A
School medical service introduced
19
Q
1909
A
Ehrlich develops Salvarsan 606
20
Q
1910
A
Marie Curie develops use of radiotherapy in cancer treatment
21
Q
1917
A
Gillies set up a plastic surgery unit at the Queen’s hospital in Kent
22
Q
1914-18
A
WW1: developments in X-ray, military hospitals, blood transfusions, brain surgery + plastic surgery
23
Q
1919
A
Ministry of Health established
Isolation hospitals created for tuberculosis patients
24
Q
1928
A
Fleming discovers penicillin
25
1939
Florey + Chain begin work on penicillin
26
1942
Beveridge Report
27
1939-45
WW2: plastic surgery developments, blood transfusions, brain + heart surgery
28
1946
National Health Service act
29
1948
NHS begins
30
2 effects of Chloroform
- Many people criticised use- Christian church felt it was wrong to use in childbirth as when Adam + eve left garden of Eden, eve told it would be painful + unknown how it would affect baby so doctors opposed use
- Difficult to provide correct dose- some doctors felt patient unconscious was more likely to die than one kept awake by pain
31
2 causes of the Black Period in surgery
- lack of understanding of infection + more complex operations with anaesthetic meant increased risk of infection
- lack of solution to blood loss other than tourniquet + often increased risk to patient if blood flow restricted for too long
32
2 causes of infection
- many patients developed gangrene- lengthy operations increased the risk of gangrene as blood restricted for too long
- Sepsis developed as result of gangrene- organs begin to fail until patient died
33
2 problems of 1848 Public Health Act
- terms of act were temporary (only lasted 5 years)
- not many people accepted Chadwicks ideas + resented help to poor as no proof disease+hygiene linked
34
2 impacts of 1875 Public Health Act
-Less chance of catching and passing diseases due to sewage properly treated + supply of clean water (reduced cholera/typhoid)
- Health of poor people improved- inspectors ensured sufficient light + ventilation, also inspected quality of food to reduce illness
35
How did technology improve public health in 1875
- use of pipes for water supply and gas lighting
- Bazalgette’s use of steam powered engines in pumping station
36
How did Marie Curie impact medicine
- lead her research unto using radioactivity to shrink or kill tumours- basis of radiotherapy so very significant finding + is still used heavily today
- due to not using a patent for her work, other scientists could experiment with radioactivity to find other uses for it in medicine
- used her own funding to equip ambulances with x-ray equipment so that they could be used on the front line + treat soldiers asap
37
How was the health of children improved in 1906-1914
- free school meals as government payed for half cost of meals- increased 3m 1906-14m 1914
- Booklet sent to schools= children to be taught about hygiene
-1907, School Medical Service- checked children for conditions
38
How were conditions for other sectors of society improved, 1905-20
- pensions introduced for over age of 70 who earned less than £31.50 per year- 600,000 granted helped those to afford housing/food/hygiene which led them to stay health
- 1909- Labour Exchanges set up to help unemployed- place to search for work= increased health as could afford food + accommodation
39
Why was the Liberal Government’s reforms significant
- showed that government understand the importance of hygiene, living conditions and diet
- government finally accepted role of protecting health of people rather than leaving responsibility to local authorities
40
Impact of National Insurance Act, 1911
- sickness and unemployment benefits could prevent people falling below poverty line+ allow to cope if became ill/lost job
- improved access to treatment- first time people had access to trained doctor+treatment- measures meant patient less likely to develop complications + surgery more common
41
Why was caring for wounded and sick in WW1 more difficult than previous wars
- Gangrene was a problem as it was fatal and unknown how to prevent
- had to treat poisonous gas- never don- 186,000 injured by gas, 80% by mustard gas + 2.6% died
42
Why did wounds become infected easily
- conditions in trenches were extremely unhealthy
- rats were everywhere, body lice couldn’t be removed until back to base + trench foot caused due to damp conditions
= infection high
- only Salvarsan 606 which could treat syphyillis- no penicillin/treatments
43
Why did surgery become much more complicated during war
- had to experiment with new techniques as use of explosives meant shrapnel sprayed= multiple wounds
- infection=death often caused if x-ray machine couldn’t be used to locate shrapnel (had to dig around)
44
2 causes of improvements in surgery from 1905-20
- Scientific knowledge made blood transfusions much more possible + efficient during war= resulted in far fewer deaths
-plastic surgery advanced due to Harold gillies invention of Pedicle Tube= worked + 12000 operations carried out before end of war
45
Why was the discovery of penicillin not a significant breakthrough
- 1871- Lister used penicillin to treat a nurse at Kings college after she didnt respond to antiseptic
- Pasteur + Duchesne noticed various types of penicillin were effective against infection
46
Why did few people recognise the importance of Flemings discovery
- penicillin was difficult to produce
- laboratory tests showed it was slow to act + ineffective when mixed with blood
- failed to get funding to use as external drug= returned to old work
47
What was 2nd magic bullet
- Prontosil- Domagk found it could be used to kill streptococcus- tested on daughter as was going to die + completely cured
48
What was the impact of his discovery of prontosil
- it could cure puerperal fever
- led to development of other sulphonamide (main ingredient in prontosil) drugs= cure pneumonia, scarlet fever + meningitis
49
Why was penicillin important
- 1944- enough to treat all allied casualties on D-Day landing
- used for military patients who had undergone operations
- 1955- synthetic version of penicillin used as many people were allergic to it
50
Factors which helped the development of penicillin
- work of Florey + chain
- technological equipment
- funding
- scientific knowledge
51
2 causes of improvement in treatment 1
- scientific knowledge= first magic bullet
- funding+ technology= penicillin
52
Impacts of war on other developments in medicine
- Dwight Harken- method to remove shrapnel from heart
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