History of Microbiology Flashcards
(52 cards)
1
Q
- What is the term for enzymatic degeneration of carbohydrates in which the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule (contains carbon)?
A
Fermentation
2
Q
- Give an example:
A
ATP is synthesized by phosporylation (adding phosphate) and oxygen it is not required
3
Q
- What is the process that yeasts use to convert sugars to alcohol in the absence of air?
A
Fermentation
4
Q
- What is the process of mild heating to kill particular spoilage microorganisms or pathogens?
A
Pasteurization
5
Q
- What does Aerobic mean?
A
Requires Oxygen
6
Q
- What does Anaerobic mean?
A
Requires an environment without oxygen
7
Q
- What does facultative mean?
A
Can survive in environments with or without oxygen
8
Q
- What philosopher scientist first coined the phrase “spontaneous generation?”
A
Aristotle
9
Q
- Who believed that bees grew from honey and flies grew from meat?
A
Virgil
10
Q
- Who first used a magnifying lens called “flea glasses?”
A
The Romans
11
Q
- Who invented the first compound microscope?
A
Janssen
12
Q
- Who improved both the microscope and the telescope?
A
Galileo
13
Q
- Who improved the simple microscope to a magnification of 270x?
A
Van Leeuwenhoek
14
Q
a. Who first described microbes?
A
Van Leeuwenhoek
15
Q
- Bacterial Arrangements
- What are the types of:
- Pairs
- Clusters
- Chains
A
a. Pairs – diplococcic & diplobacilli
b. Clusters – staphylococci
c. Chains – streptococci & streptobacilli
16
Q
- Robert Hooke looked at a cork under a microscope and coined what term?
A
Cells
17
Q
- What is the name for the hypothesis that organisms arose from nonliving life?
A
Spontaneous generation
18
Q
- Who thought that mice grew from hay and coined the term “Spontaneous Generation”?
A
Aristotle
19
Q
- According to spontaneous generation, what forms life?
A
Vital force
20
Q
- What is the name for the hypothesis that organisms arise from preexisting life?
A
Biogenesis
21
Q
- Who was a believer in biogenesis and set out to prove that maggots in meat were caused by flies laying eggs in the meat?
A
Redi
22
Q
- How did Francisco Redi prove biogenesis?
A
He filled covered jars with meat, proving that maggots do not spontaneously grow from the meat.
23
Q
- How did John Needham prove spontaneous generation?
A
Put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks and got microbial growth, so he thought that proved that organisms can spontaneously be created.
24
Q
- What was flawed with Needham’s experiment?
A
His flask was covered with a non-sterile cork
25
1. Who believed that microorganisms are present in the air, and set out to prove it?
Louis Pasteur
26
1. Who designed a special S-Shaped flask that demonstrated that Spontaneous Generation Theory was false?
Louis Pasteur
27
1. Who discovered the first smallpox vaccine?
Edward Jenner
28
1. Who discovered the sheep vaccine for Anthrax?
Louis Pasteur
29
1. What three vaccines did Louis Pasteur invent?
Sheep anthrax
Chicken cholera
Rabies
30
1. Who is responsible for the Cell Theory?
Rudolf Virchow
31
1. What does the cell theory state?
All living things are composed of cells
• Cells are the smallest working units of living things
• All cells come from preexisting cells by cell division (biogenesis theory)
32
1. Who discovered that the silkworm disease is caused by a fungus?
Agostino Bassi
33
36. Describe the process for Koch’s Postulates.
- Obtain the disease causing microbe from the sick animal via a sample.
- Isolate this microbe in pure culture.
- Inoculate a healthy animal with this pure culture, and the healthy animal should develop the same disease.
- Re-isolate the microbe from the second animal.
34
37. If it is the same microbe obtained from the first animal what does this prove?
The etiology (cause) of the disease.
35
1. What did Joseph Lister invent?
Carbolic spray to disinfect surfaces in the operating room. His descendants later invented Listerine.
36
1. What breakthrough did Semmelwise discover?
He discovered that puerperal fever could be drastically cut by use of hand washing standards in obstetrical clinics.
37
1. What did Paul Ehrlich make?
He made the first antibiotic. It was for syphilis.
38
1. What did Von Behring invent?
Invented diphtheria antitoxin
39
1. What did Ronald Ross discover?
He discovered that mosquitoes transmit malaria
40
1. Who discovered white blood cells and phagocytosis and began the field of immunology?
Metchnikoff
41
1. Who discovered the first antibiotic and when?
Alexander Fleming in 1928
42
1. The Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed what?
S. aureus
43
1. When was Penicillin clinically tested and mass produced?
In the 1940s
44
1. Who purified penicillin as a medicine?
Chain and Florey
45
1. Who invented testing for streptococcus?
Rebecca Lancefield
46
1. Who discovered DNA?
Frederick Griffith
47
1. Who detailed the structure of human DNA?
Watson and Crick
48
1. What 3 items form DNA?
Deoxyribose; A,T,C,G nucleic acids; phosphate
49
1. Who discovered the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?
Jacob and Monod
50
1. Who discovered the genetic structure of viruses?
Delbruck and Hershey
51
1. Who performed a landmark series of experiments regarding antibody genetics?
Tonegawa
52
1. Who discovered prions?
Prusiner
