History of Modern World Final Flashcards
(205 cards)
1
Q
Be familiar with the content of the 1689 English Bill of Rights
A
Influenced by Locke, it lays down limits on the powers of the crown and sets out the rights of Parliament and rules for freedom of speech in Parliament, the requirement for regular elections to Parliament and the right to petition the monarch without fear of retribution. It also set Protestants up for succession. Preceded by the Glorious Revolution. [Wiki]
Parliament
Right of Juries
A continuation of Magna Carta, important component of English Constitution
Sets exclusively Protestant succession
2
Q
Explain the ambitions of Louis XIV for France and specific policies and actions, particularly in terms of dealing with religious uniformity
A
Louis was had a high view of the royal authority. He was absolute. He saw protestantism as a sign of his lack of absolute rule over his country, so he slowly took away the rights of protestants and gave the french the ability to harass them for certain thing. Eventually he revoked the Edict of Nantes with the Edict of Fontainebleau, which took away any of the freedom that the protestants still had left. He wanted religious uniformity for the sake of greater power (I think…). (Cragg/Wiki) horning
3
Q
Battle of the Boyne:
A
“was fought in 1690 between two rival claimants of the English, Scottish, and Irish thrones – the Catholic James VII & II and the Protestant William III and II (who, with his wife, Mary II, James’s daughter, had deposed James in 1688) – across the River Boyne near Drogheda on the east coast of Ireland. The battle, won by William, was a turning point in James’s unsuccessful attempt to regain the crown and ultimately helped ensure the continuation of Protestant ascendancy in Ireland.”
4
Q
Cardinal Mazarin:
A
“a former collaborator of Richelieu who continued the policies of his predecessor….[though his] government was marked by repeated conspiracies and rebellions, Protestants were generally not involved in them, and their numbers grew among all social classes.” (G 187)
5
Q
Cardinal Richelieu:
A
“a wily politician whose main goals were the aggrandizement of the French crown and of his own personal power [, and though] he was a cardinal of the Church of Rome, his religious policy was not based on theological or confessional considerations, but rather on calculations of convenience.” (i.e. during the Thirty Years’ War he actually supported the Protestants undercover, even though theologically he did not support them - yet he did not like the Huguenots at all, because Henry IV had given them “several fortified cities,” securing their ability to “rebel and resist if their rights were violated”; G 186). A Machiavellian politician.
6
Q
Charles II:
A
acknowledged as king of Scotland after his father, Charles I, died. Cromwell forced him to flee Scotland. When he returned, he tried to incorporate Presbyterians into the national church, yet the new Parliament was opposed to this, preferring “the traditional episcopacy.” While on his deathbed, he “declared himself a Catholic” without surprise from many Puritans and Scottish Presbyterians being persecuted at the time. (G 207-208)
7
Q
Clarendon Code:
A
“The Clarendon Code was a series of four legal statutes passed between 1661-1665 which effectively re-established the supremacy of the Anglican Church after the interlude of Cromwell’s Commonwealth, and ended toleration for dissenting religions.”
8
Q
Dissenters:
A
Protestants opposed to the Act of Toleration of 1689.
9
Q
Gallicanism:
A
consisted of those opposed to “the notion of a centralized church under papal authority”; the name was derived “from Gaul, or ancient France - because it was in France that they became most powerful.” “While some of the Gallicans opposed the centralization of power in the papacy for political reasons, others did so because they were convinced that ecclesiastical authority resided in the bishops, and not in the pope.” (G 212)
10
Q
Glorious Revolution of 1688:
A
James II overthrown by Parliament and William Orange’s invasion fleet. William becomes William III, king of England. This ends Catholicism’s chance at ever gaining the throne again. Protestant faith is established, Catholicism rejected.
11
Q
James II:
A
Ruled from 1685-1688; the Glorious Revolution came at the end of his reign. A Catholic king, he was, and he advocated “royal absolutism,” wishing to restore and advance his Catholic faith through his rule (G 209). His attempted reformation of many institutions, including parliament and the church, only unified Protestants even more. He got funds from the American colonies so that Parliament would not be needed; the colonists did not like this. (Cragg 58ff)
12
Q
Louis XIV:
A
“The Sun King”; “proclaimed and defended the ‘liberties of the Gallican church’” (G 187). He “established a new type of kingship, absolute in power and resplendent in dignity” (Cragg 17). Huguenots persecuted under him, especially after he revoked the Edict of Nantes in 1685 (Cragg, 21), replacing it with the Edict of Fontainebleau (G 189). He attempted to convert them to Catholicism (“reunion”) first by mild persuasion, second by trying to “buy conversions,” and finally by using the army to force conversions (in 1684 against France; G 188). He “regarded the clergy as civil servants” (25). “I AM THE STATE.”
13
Q
Restoration:
A
a “repudiation of Commonwealth period, Cromwell, and Puritans” during the reign of Charles II (1660-1685). (class notes, lessons 4-5) It “took place because the majority of Englishmen were weary of experiments and wanted to return to familiar ways.” (Cragg 50) The Act of Uniformity was imposed at this time in order to suppress the Puritans (the Book of Common Prayer was required in religious services; 51ff). Other results of the restoration included the Clarendom Code, the Great Fire of London, the Test Act of 1673 (which excluded Catholics from public office).
14
Q
United Provinces:
A
also known as the Dutch Republic (i.e. the Netherlands).
15
Q
Whigs:
A
“a faction and then a political party in the parliaments of England, Scotland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom. Between the 1680s and 1850s, they contested power with their rivals, the Tories. The Whigs’ origin lay in constitutional monarchism and opposition to absolute rule. The Whigs played a central role in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, and were the standing enemies of the Stuart kings and pretenders, who were Roman Catholic. The Whigs took full control of the government in 1715, and remained totally dominant until King George III, coming to the throne in 1760, allowed Tories back in.”
16
Q
William of Orange:
A
“William III & II was a sovereign Prince of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau by birth. From 1672 he governed as Stadtholder William III of Orange over Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland, and Overijssel of the Dutch Republic”
17
Q
Be able to describe the background and causes of the American Revolution
A
Background:
Causes: a). Anglicization: culture was growing increasingly tied to Britain. b). Intellectual streams: Classical, Medieval, and Renaissance thought were influential on the Americans. Under British Common Law Constutitionalism, the Americans thought of themselves as British subjects; their history and governmental/legal structures were their own, and the common law tradition was protecting their legal rights; the Magna Carta had limited the monarch; the Petition of Right; by the English Bill of Rights, taxes had to be voted on (and there was no standing army, etc.). There was an “unwritten constitution” among the Americans. All of this British heritage fed into resistance of bad measures of king George III, and they thus protested to defend their rights as Englishmen. Republicanism also came out of this British intellectual stream, with James Harrington’s Oceania and Joseph Addison’s Cato shaping the American mind. Lockean Liberalism was influential as well. His idea of a “social contract” showed that revolution was possible. It must be noted, however, that his thinking was not central to the colonists’ thinking.
18
Q
Be able to discuss the key arguments in Paine’s Common Sense
A
Government vs. Society
Society - “Unites our affections”; positive element of human connection.
Government - “Restraining our vices”; Negative element of human connection. Security is the main goal of government.
Island Example -the simplest local government is the best form of government; English form of government is too outdated and complicated.
Monarchy and hereditary succession -
Monarchy- all men were created equal. Sin gave rise to kings.
Hereditary succession- evil practice that opens the door to incompetent leadership; opens the door to corruption and civil war.
American Situation-
America no longer needs British protection.
Britain is no longer looking out for the best interests of America
Preferable American independence.
(Common Sense)
19
Q
Alexander Hamilton
A
Leader of the Federalist party (instrumental in redrafting the constitution at the Philadelphia Convention), founder of the nation’s financial system, Chief of Staff to General Washington.
20
Q
Articles of Confederation
A
Established the 13 states as a confederation. Although not formally ratified until 1781, it was begun in 1766 and its ideas were assumed during the Revolutionary War.
21
Q
Benjamin Franklin
A
The epitome of the “self-made man,” a model American and proponent of the Enlightenment. Ambassador of the U.S., a renaissance man, electricity, deist, etc. [Wiki]
22
Q
Boston Massacre
A
In 1770, a harassing mob was fired upon by British soldiers; five people were killed. Used as war propaganda, soldiers acquitted with help from John Adams.
23
Q
Boston Tea Party
A
In defiance of the Tea Act, the Sons of Liberty threw tea into Boston harbor. Escalating the tensions, the T-Party was a significant ‘last straw.’ England reacted harshly. [Wiki]
24
Q
Continental Congress
A
The Continental Congress was a convention of delegates called together from the Thirteen Colonies that became the governing body of the United States during the American Revolution. [Wiki]
25
Edmund Burke:
an Irish spokesman for the Whigs in England. Held that “each member of Parliament represented the whole British nation, and not just the particular locality he came from.” (Wood 20, 40) He supported the Americans’ cause and opposed the French Revolution later on.
26
French and Indian War
Known as the 7 Years War by North Americans, fighting was between the colonies, supported by the British, and the Indians, supported by the French. 1758-60, New France is defeated. France yields large amounts of land to Britain. [Wiki]
27
George III
King of England during the Revolutionary war.
28
George Washington
1st president, general of the continental army, defeated General Cornwallis, crossed the Delaware river. Pretty much a hoss.
29
John Adams
2nd President, a major advocate for independence, international diplomat. Nominated Washington for President.
30
John Hancock
A patriot, he served as president of the Second Continental Congress (the congress that signed the Declaration, which he signed with a large signature), and was a protege of Samuel Adams. [Wiki]
31
Lord North
Prime Minister of Great Britain during Rev. War, he proposed a number of legislative ‘punishments’ for the colonies. [Wiki]
32
Patrick Henry
Early advocate for independence, and regarded as a champion of Republicanism, Henry was the leader of the Anti-Federalists, and helped gain adoption of the Bill of Rights “Give me liberty, or give me death!” He later supported the Federalists. [Wiki]
33
Samuel Adams
Early advocate of independence, and a politician of Massachusetts, he was a major patriot and often thought as a ‘master of propaganda.’
34
Seven Years’ War
Synonymous with the French and Indian War
35
Sons of Liberty
mostly comprised of middle-rank locals who resisted the Stamp Act and “burned effigies of royal officials, forced stamp agents to resign, compelled businessmen and judges to carry on without stamps, developed an intercolonial network of correspondence, generally enforced nonimportation of British goods, and managed antistamp activities throughout the colonies.” (Wood 30)
36
Stamp Act
Imposed a direct tax by the British Parliament specifically on the colonies of British America, and it required that many printed materials in the colonies be produced on stamped paper produced in London, carrying an embossed revenue stamp. Extremely unpopular, the Act created great animosity toward Great Britain.
37
Thomas Jefferson
Principal author of the Declaration, third President, Anti-Federalist, U.S. Minister to France. Oversaw the Louisiana Purchase from France, sent out Lewis and Clark. [Wiki]
38
Identify the people comprising the first, second, and third estates before the French Revolution
First: the Clergy
Second: the nobility
Third: e’erbody else (upper crust: bourgeoisie; peasants otherwise)
39
Describe the long-term and short-term causes of the French Revolution
LONG TERM:
- Ancien Regime and the “divine right” of kings (e.g. Louis XIV, “I am the state”); place in society determined by what class you were born into (i.e. rich, middle, or poorer class).
- Bourgeoisie created through trade
- National Debt due to Seven Years’ War and American Revolution; there was a move to reform the financial situation.
- Philosophes: man is autonomous.
- Catholicism owned about 10% of land in France (and after the Revolution this land would be confiscated and sold to nobles)
SHORT TERM:
- Charles Calonne tried to impose a land tax, and advocated borrowing in the short term; then Assembly of Notables (1787).
- August 1787 – lot of short term lenders stopped making loans to government; treasury stopped making payments on debts; a hailstorm occurred at this time, and the price of bread thus went through the roof (agricultural decline), and a cold winter froze the rivers; bankruptcy erupted.
- Louis XVI called for the Estates General to meet together to discuss all of this (but the Third Estate was left out; you know what happened next).
40
Know the main ideas of the “Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen”
The Declaration was a list of precautions drawn up in order that no one might fall back into the ancien regime. Those who drew it up were convinced that “ignorance, neglect, or contempt of human rights, are the sole causes of public misfortunes and corruptions of Government.” It was drawn up in order that men may be constantly reminded of their rights, respect the “acts of the legislative and executive powers of Government,” and that these men and citizens may have future claims that “always tend to the maintenance of the Constitution, and the general happiness.” (Note that the Declaration evoked the “Supreme Being” compared to the U.S. Constitution which evoked the “Creator”)
Right II: The end of all political associations is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man; and these rights are Liberty, Property, Security, and Resistance of Oppression.” These rights are “sacred (and natural) rights.”
The focus of the Declaration is on the community, and on negative laws - laws that only prohibit “actions hurtful to society” (Right V). Freedom of thought and opinion - even religious opinion - is fundamental to the Declaration. A police force should be instituted to protect the rights of man (XII). The “right to property” is essential as well” (XVII). Political liberty “consists in the power of doing whatever does not injure another” (IV). A final essential right: “Every citizen has a right, either by himself or his representative, to a free voice in determining the necessity of public contributions, the appropriation of them, and their amount, mode of assessment, and duration” (XIV).
41
Ancien Régime
“Old regime” France (as called by the revolutionaries of 1789), a regime “based on a rigid social hierarchy in which one’s place in society was determined largely by birth, not by hard work or talent” - an organization “explained by the Great Chain of Being” (i.e. “that the entire world was organized hierarchically, from God and the angles at the top to inanimate objects, such as rocks, at the bottom, with human beings existing somewhere in between.” Louis XV stood at the top, “God’s divine representative”). Enlightenment ideas threatened this regime, however. (Mason 15-17)
42
Bourgeoisie
the middle class, a growth out of the “development of manufacturing and trade.” They would eventually attempt to gain “more influence both in the economy and in the political realm.” Wealthier members of lower class. (Mason 16)
43
Camille Desmoulins
wrote “Live Free or Die” in 1788, contrasting democracy and monarchy (and favoring democracy). “A deputy to the Convention of 1792, he served as Secretary General to the Minister of Justice, Georges Jacques Danton.” Both of them became opponents of Robespierre, and they were guillotined in 1794, “the revolution’s Year of Terror.” (Manifesto 67)
44
Congress of Vienna
(1814-1815) Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia (“the four triumphant Great Powers) “confirmed the restoration of the old order [i.e. the monarchy, after the defeat of Napolean], with some modifications, and put back in place the balance of power with the intent of preserving monarchical power and maintaining a lasting peace.” It abolished the new national states that Napolean had established “in Polland, Holland, and parts of Italy.” (Mason 34, 50)
45
Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
wrote What is the Third Estate? Referred to as “Abbe Sieyes” “because of his clerical status.” (Manifesto 70)
46
Estates General
“an assembly representing the three estates - the clergy, nobility, and the Third Estate” that were convoked by Louis XVI to meet at Versailles “beginning in May 1789, bringing with them the cahiers de doleances, or list of grievances, that voters had drawn up in the electoral assemblies that selected the delegates.” (Mason 25)
47
Francis Noel Babeuf
wrote, “Analysis of the Doctrine of Babeuf” - yet he “pointed out in his trial for conspiracy against the Republic that [it] had not been composed by him as such, but had been collected and sorted by his followers from various of his statements.” He was executed in 1797, unsuccessful at trying to defend himself “by quoting Rousseau at his judges.” He was “one of the founders of French Socialism,” and “he formed the Society of the Equals to demand France’s renewed commitment to social justice and equality.” (Manifesto 96)
48
Georges Jacques Danton
one of his speeches was “Dare, Dare Again, Always Dare” - he “delivered his speeches impromptu.” He was France’s Minister of Justice, but he was killed by the guillotine at the command of Robespierre in 1794. (Manifesto 90)
49
Jacobins
“Society of Friends of the Constitution”; 1791, 430 clubs under this name. Initially reserved for upper bourgeoisie, and only later came to be opened to poorer citizens. Robespierre was a prominent member of this club.
50
Jean Paul Marat
wrote “Are We Undone?” “He was instrumental in the establishment of the Committee of Public Safety and became (with Robespierre and Danton) a member of it as well as of the National Convention.” He was notorious for his advocation of terror - for this is the only way the ruling class would be changed. He was stabbed to death by Charlotte Corday while in his bathtub on July 13, 1793. (Manifesto 82)
51
Louis XVI
beheaded during “Reign of Terror” after having unsuccessfully attempted to flee Paris in disguise; he had refused to sign the Declaration of the Rights of Man, and had originally been the one to convoke the Estates General “to address government reforms and the tax system.” (Mason 25-27)
52
Louis XVIII
brother of Louis XVI; restored the Bourbon monarchy, and the boundaries of France were returned to how they were in 1790. Issued “a constitutional charter that incorporated many of the changes that had entered into French life and society since 1789, including a degree of freedom of speech and parliamentary government.” (Mason 34)
53
Maximilien Robespierre
led the Committee of Public Safety after Danton and a leader of “the Terror, responding both to internal enemies and the threat of foreign invasion.” He was guillotined in 1794 after having guillotined thousands himself. (Mason 28, 29)
54
Montagnards
lit, “mountain men”; comprised of those who occupied high benches in the Convention. They were leaders of the Jacobins, and included the likes of Robespierre. Faced off against the Girondins. “Do we go to war with Austria?” – no. Radical Jabobins. Come to dominate the National Assembly.
55
Napoleon Bonaparte
crowned himself Napolean I in 1804 and remained as such for ten years. He had been given command of the French army in 1794 after quenching a royalist uprising in Paris (in 1793). He introduced a massively influential legal code, the Napoleonic Code (which “institutionalized many of the gains of the Revolution, including equality before the law, freedom of religion, and the rights of property owners). He spread ideas of the French Revolution through warfare, while not being himself a revolutionary. He established satellite republics in many areas he conquered, undermined feudal systems of government and instead upheld representative forms of government. “Within France, [he] pursued the middle course of the Directory [established after the death of Robsepierre], trying to preserve the major gains of the Revolution while avoiding a return either to radicalism or to monarchy.” He was defeated in Russia in 1812 after having had his power spread thin, all the time having committed to fight for “liberty, equality, and fraternity.” Lost at Battle of Waterloo, then died in 1821 after having been banished to St. Helena. (Mason, 29-32)
56
National Assembly
Third estate group who formed their own organization; Constitution of 1791. Still favored an absolute monarchy; constitution actually dissolved Assembly.
57
Pierre-Sylvain Maréchal
wrote Manifesto of the Equals in 1796. He was a French anarchist and admirer of Rousseau, Voltaire, and Diderot. Wanted to honor the great men of history, in place of saints, with holidays.He joined Babeuf’s Society of the Equals after Robespierre’s fall from power in 1794. In the Manifesto he challenged the new government and advocated for “real equality” (i.e. communism).
58
Sans-culottes
“men who did not wear aristocratic kneebreeches but flaunted their patriotism with red caps of liberty.” (6) Wanted social revenge. No fancy-pants. (culottes – “knee-breeches”) Peasants. Organized, popular movement. One of the forces behind the radical directions of the revolution.
59
Storming of the Bastille
July 14, 1789; the demolition of a medieval fortress which released merely seven prisoners, yet was still a signal of the destruction of royal power. The “new era of the Republic.” (Doyle 42)
60
Tennis Court Oath
“Wherever we meet, there is the nation” - what the newly formed National Assembly (formed from the Third Estate in June 1789) declared in an indoor tennis court.At this they “vowed not to adjourn until France was given a new constitution.” (Mason 26)
61
Identify both short-term and long-term causes of the Revolutions of 1848
LONG TERM:
- Political Liberalism (i.e. Locke and Rousseau’s ideas of popular sovereignty) and Economic Liberalism (i.e. Adam Smith, limiting of government’s power over the economy)
- Nationalism - idea of nation-state (the people being the nation, and the state being the political community). Giuseppe Mazzini would popularize this concept after 1815 (the year in which the Congress of Vienna took place).
- Socialism
- Philosophes (Kant and Hegel [the latter especially influenced Marx’s ideas]}
- Industrial Revolution (which would introduce poverty in urban centers)
- French Revolution (1789)
- Protestant Reformation (e.g. Act of Supremacy from Henry VIII, which led to England becoming a nation-state (see “Nationalism” above) and the rejection of papal authority.
SHORT TERM:
- The Communist Manifesto (ironically, there were no revolutions that we know of in London even though it was written in London and called for revolution) which called for the urban working class to unite in revolution.
- “Campaign of banquets” (dinner parties in which people in luxury would spend time talking about different issues)
- 1830 Revolution in France (overthrow of Charles X set the precedent; idea of “popular sovereignty” becomes popular)
- Major economic recession and food shortages in 1846-1847; popular unrest (failure of potato crop)
- Political repression by king Louis Philippe, who would not allow broader voting rights.
- National workshops from which workers demanded improved working conditions; the National Assembly tried to close the workshops, but the workers protested and established their own “provisional government” in the Assembly and called for a social revolution.
62
Describe the changes that took place as a result of the 1848 revolutions
1. France came closer to a representative government; monarchy gone, universal manhood suffrage established.
2. Serfdom completely gone from Germany and the Hapsburg lands as manorialism was
abolished.
3. “Prussia got a limited parliament.”
4. Some kings in Europe fled, while some stayed to solve the problems that had led to
revolution in the past.
5. Liberalizing reforms (e.g. in Russia; emancipation of serfs in 1861 by Alexander II).
6. Dual Austro-Hungarian monarchy established.
7. Revolutions in the Concert of Europe.
8. Spread of ideas across Europe (liberal principle of government by consent; nationalism and
national unification [in Germany and Italy]; socialism more popular).
63
Trace the successive stages of society in Marx’s theory
1. Primitive-communal stage
2. Slavery
3. Feudalism
4. Capitalism: will be overthrown by proletarian revolution.
5. Communism: classes no longer existent.
64
Discuss the central ideas in the Communist Manifesto
1. Class struggles drive history (thesis).
2. The Bourgeoisie has played a crucial part in revolutionary history (see pg. 127).
3. Communism is “haunting Europe.”
4. There are two hostile classes: the proletariat and the bourgeoisie.
5. Machinery and the division of labor has deprived the proletariat of their individualism; industrial capitalism has taken over.
6. Proletariat goes through evolutionary stages.
7. The proletariat is the only truly revolutionary class against the bourgeoisie.
8. Modern industry has dug its own grave (135); for capitalism thrives by wage-labor, and wage-labor thrives only by competition between workers, and competition is stripped away by modern industry (where less workers are actually needed).
9. One sentence summarizes the Communist Manifesto: “abolition of private property.”
(136)
10. Democracy will only come when the proletariat are raised to the position of ruling class. (141)
11. Communism will only come “by the forcible overthrow of existing social conditions.” The Workers of All Lands must UNITE.
65
Bloody June Days:
June 24 to 26; “several thousand people were killed and eleven thousand insurgents were imprisoned or deported.” (Mason 54)
66
Concert of Europe:
driven by Prince Clemens von Metternich, this system consisted of England, Russia, Austria, and Prussia (and France in 1818) “to coordinate conservative efforts to squelch any new outbreaks of Bonapartism or revolution” after Napoleon was defeated. (Mason 48, 49)
67
First International:
also known as the “International Working Men’s Association” of London; a group that Marx joined in 1864. Would later evolve into the Communist Party in the Soviet Union (in the 20th century). Yet it was split at this time by a revolution in Paris in 1870 (the Paris Commune rose up out of this). The “possibility for evolutionary reform” also weakened it, as more and more men left the group as more job opportunities became available (through things such as the English Reform Bill of 1867). (Mason 63)
68
Friedrich Engels:
(1820-1895) “the German-born manager of a Manchester cotton business [who] provided a crucial link between industrialization and socialism. Even though he was on the top of the industrial hierarchy, [he] was shocked by the poverty in the city and wrote an account of his observations that was published as the Condition of the Working Class in England (1844).” He then met and collaborated with Karl Marx to write The Communist Manifesto in 1848, a book published out of “the Communist League,” which they had joined in 1847. (Mason 43, 44, 60)
69
July Revolution of 1830:
an uprising in France that was sparked by Charles X’s refusal to acknowledge legislative elections against his “reactionary tendencies” (Charles was attempting to establish an absolutist regime, which would render void much of what had been gained in the 1789 revolution). “Barricades were thrown up and workers, students, and intellectuals massed in the streets, defying the army and the police.” Charles fled in response. Louis Phillippe was put in his place as the new monarch by the revolutionaries, “the king of the French.” The uprising sparked uprisings in Italy, Germany, Spain, and many other countries, with many different results (e.g. Poland was absorbed into Russia). (Mason 51, 52)
70
Historical materialism:
Marx’s theory that “one can understand history, and one’s particular stage in history, by recognizing the means of production in that society: what it is that produces material things of value.” The owners of these means “form the basis of the class structure of that society.” (Mason 64, 65)
71
Karl Marx:
born into a middle class family in Germany in 1818; was influenced (“especially in Berlin) by the ideas of Hegel and “radical political thought.” Called for “armed resistance against the government” during the Peoples’ Spring, 1848. Suffered from “chronic mental depression” near the end of his life. Hated capitalism, and thought that human nature would only evolve for the better through the implementation of communism (he believed in “economic determinism”; “that economy determines much else in society”). (Mason 62-69)
72
Louis Philippe:
Duke of Orleans that was placed by the July revolutionaries (of 1830) on the throne of Charles X. He called himself “the king of the French,” flying “the tricolor flag of the Revolution, not that of the Bourbon lily.” His throning marked the end of the Bourbon bloodline in France. He ended up fleeing, like Charles X, in response to the uprising revolution of 1848. (Mason 51, 52)
73
Napoleon III:
was elected president by popular election in France after the 1848 revolution in France. He was voted for his democratic ideals. Yet he turned his back on the people, in 1851 “[seizing] absolute control in a coup d’ etat and dissolved the [Constituent] assembly [of France],” declaring himself emperor the next year and taking on this name (his name was originally “Louis Napoleon Bonaparte). Later fought against Austria with Sardinia as his ally. (Mason 54, 87)
74
Paris Commune:
“a short lived radical revolutionary government” established in 1870 in Paris. Marx and Engels supported it, seeing it as a supporter of communism. (Mason 63)
75
Proletariat:
“the urban working class” that grew out of the Industrial Revolution. Had interests “at odds with those of the social and economic structures of the old regime.” Marx called them to unite and rise in revolution against the ruling classes. (Mason 37, 47, 62 )
76
Be able to identify both short-term and long-term causes of the American civil war
SHORT TERM causes:
- Religious revivalism
- Economic transformation: manufacturing and industry developed in the north, while the south’s economy remained overwhelmingly agricultural-based
- Improvements in transportation including steamboats, canals, railroads “opened up the interior for trade and settlement” (The Origins of the Civil War, 9) (Ivy)
LONG TERM causes:
- consitutional laws that declared all men to be “born free and equal” giving the idea that the union was a land dedicated to liberty.
77
Appomattox Courthouse
This was the scene of the surrender of the Confederate to the North on April 9, 1865 (JAB)
78
Battle of Antietam
“That invasion would culminate on September 17 in Battle of Antietam. McClellan’s Army of the Potomac battled Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia through a day that saw repeated attacks and counterattacks and missed opportunities to exploit advantages. The combat ended with combined casualties of over twenty-three thousand. Each side suffered more than two thousand battlefield dead, and thousands more would perish from their wounds.” (The Civil War, 42). This was “A strategic victory for the Union, as Lee was forced to return to Virginia. Five days later, Lincoln used the occasion to issue preliminary Emancipation Proclamation.” (42) (JAB)
79
Battle of Fort Sumter
This was the scene of the first military action in the american civil war, Confederates bombarded the Union fort with artillery. April 12-13. (JAB)
80
Battle of Gettysburg
1-3 July 1863. This was a turning point in the war. Lee was forced to give up his invasion of the north. Claimed more lives than any previous battle. (JAB)
81
Missouri Compromise
In an effort to preserve the balance of power in Congress between slave and free states, the Missouri Compromise was passed in 1820 admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. Furthermore, with the exception of Missouri, this law prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of the 36° 30´ latitude line. (libraryofcongress.org, Ivy)
82
Battle of Shiloh
The Battle of Shiloh, also known as the Battle of Pittsburg Landing, was fought April 6–7, 1862, in Tennessee. A Union army under Gen. Ulysses S. Grant had moved via the Tennessee River deep into Tennessee and was encamped principally at Pittsburg Landing on the west bank of the river. Confederate forces under Generals Albert Sidney Johnston and P. G. T. Beauregard launched a surprise attack on Grant there. The Confederates achieved considerable success on the first day, but were ultimately defeated on the second day.
83
Thirteenth Amendment
The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. It was passed by the Senate on April 8, 1864, by the House on January 31, 1865, and adopted on December 6, 1865.
84
Fourteenth Amendment
The Fourteenth Amendment (Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868. The amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws, and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War. The amendment was bitterly contested, particularly by Southern states, which were forced to ratify it in order for them to regain representation in the Congress.
85
Fifteenth Amendment
The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude". It was ratified on February 3, 1870. [nauf]
86
Frederick Douglass
Freed former slave. Didn’t like lincoln. (JAB) he said “your republicanism is a sham”
87
George McClellan
George Brinton McClellan was a major general during the American Civil War and the Democratic presidential nominee in 1864, who later served as Governor of New Jersey. He organized the famous Army of the Potomac and served briefly as the general-in-chief of the Union Army. Early in the war, McClellan played an important role in raising a well-trained and organized army for the Union. Although McClellan was meticulous in his planning and preparations, these characteristics may have hampered his ability to challenge aggressive opponents in a fast-moving battlefield environment. He chronically overestimated the strength of enemy units and was reluctant to apply principles of mass, frequently leaving large portions of his army unengaged at decisive points.
88
Jefferson Davis:
“Jefferson Finis Davis was an American soldier and statesman, and was the President of the Confederate States of America during the entire Civil War, 1861 to 1865” (wiki). The phrase, “The South shall rise again”, is attributed to him.
89
John Brown:
“John Brown was a white American abolitionist who believed armed insurrection was the only way to overthrow the institution of slavery in the United States” (wiki). He led the John Brown Raid (surprise) on October 16, 1859. It was “an assault on the federal arsenal … in Harper’s Ferry, Virginia. His plan was to confiscate the arms stored there and distribute them to the slaves ... [and] create a mass insurrection” (Masur, 18). He was caught and hanged and “became a martyr for the abolitionist cause” (18).
90
Miscegenation:
Mixing genuses; “marriage or cohabitation between two people of different races, especially, in the U.S., between a black and a white person” (dictionary.com). There was also a political cartoon that showed white and black young folk dancing together entitled the Miscegenation Ball. [w.a.]
91
Robert E. Lee
General of the Confederacy. Was offered to lead the North troops but declined as He couldn’t fight against his family. (JAB)
92
Siege of Vicksburg
The Siege of Vicksburg was the final major military action in the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War. In a series of maneuvers, Union Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and his Army of the Tennessee crossed the Mississippi River and drove the Confederate Army of Vicksburg led by Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton into the defensive lines surrounding the fortress city of Vicksburg, Mississippi. When two major assaults (May 19 and 22, 1863) against the Confederate fortifications were repulsed with heavy casualties, Grant decided to besiege the city beginning on May 25. With no reinforcement, supplies nearly gone, and after holding out for more than forty days, the garrison finally surrendered on July 4. This action (combined with the surrender of Port Hudson to Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks on July 9) yielded command of the Mississippi River to the Union forces, who would hold it for the rest of the conflict.
93
Stonewall Jackson
Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson was a Confederate general during the American Civil War, and one of the best-known Confederate commanders after General Robert E. Lee. His death was a severe setback for the Confederacy, affecting not only its military prospects, but also the morale of its army and of the general public. Jackson in death became an icon of Southern heroism and commitment, becoming a mainstay in the pantheon of the "Lost Cause." Military historians consider Jackson to be one of the most gifted tactical commanders in U.S. history. Fought in the First Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas) where he received his famous nickname "Stonewall", Second Bull Run (Second Manassas), Antietam, and Fredericksburg. Jackson was not universally successful as a commander, however, as displayed by his weak and confused efforts during the Seven Days Battles around Richmond in 1862.
94
Ulysses S. Grant
Union general during the civil war. Led the Vicksburg campaign (see above). Later became the 18th President of the USA.
95
William T. Sherman
William Tecumseh Sherman served under General Ulysses S. Grant in 1862 and 1863 during the campaigns that led to the fall of the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg on the Mississippi River and culminated with the routing of the Confederate armies in the state of Tennessee. In 1864, Sherman succeeded Grant as the Union commander in the western theater of the war. He proceeded to lead his troops to the capture of the city of Atlanta, a military success that contributed to the re-election of President Abraham Lincoln. Sherman's subsequent march through Georgia and the Carolinas further undermined the Confederacy's ability to continue fighting. He accepted the surrender of all the Confederate armies in the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida in April 1865. (Wikipedia)
96
Crimean War:
(1853-1856) a war “named after the Crimean peninsula, part of the Russian Empire that juts out into the Black Sea.” In this war Britain and France (as well as the Kingdom of Sardinia, in order to unite Italy) assisted Turkey “in resisting Russian claims on Ottoman Turkish territory and the Russian tsar’s efforts to extend protection over Christian subjects of the Ottoman Empire.” The war also dealt with control over the Dardanelles. “The conflict was a nasty one of trench warfare, cholera, and huge casualties, a foreshadowing of what was to come a half century later in World War I. It was the first war covered by newspaper correspondents and the first in which women served as army nurses. Florence Nightingale became a legend when she commanded the British nursing services during the war.” Russia was defeated in the war. It had a huge impact on the European balance of power; for “Russia’s defeat in the war and Austria’s abstention from it weakened the two states that were most determined to preserve the peace settlements of 1815 and to prevent change.” (M 85-86, emphasis added)
97
Nationalism:
“led to the breakup of the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century and the emergence of new nation-states like Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania out of that empire,” and “it also roiled the Russian Empire throughout the nineteenth century (especially in Poland) and almost brought down the Austro-Hungarian monarchy in 1848,” all of this being a result of “nationalist separatism.” “Irredentism” was “the demand for territory belonging to another state,” a “top-down nationalism” that created unified states in Germany and Italy. (M 85)
98
Cavour:
(1810-1861) “the prime minister of Sardinia after 1852”; founded a newspaper in 1847 called “The Resurgence” (and Italy’s movement for national unification would name itself after this [II Risorgimento]). (M 87)
99
Garibaldi:
(1807-1882) “[the] foremost military figure and most popular hero of the Italian unification movement,” a “flamboyant adventurer.” Took part in II Risorgimento during the Peoples’ Spring (1848) in Italy, fighting “against the Austrians in Lombardy and [supporting] the Roman Republic established by Mazzini” with “a corps of three thousand volunteers.” He was defeated, however, and ended up fleeing to Staten Island, New York, becoming a U. S. citizen and candlemaker. He would then come back and conquer Sicily in 1860, leading a force of “Redshirts,” and then took Naples. This would enable Victor Emmanuel to become the king of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. He then fought to get the Papal States brought into the kingdom as well, and Rome eventually was before he died. He was then “elected to Parliament in 1874, and died in 1882.” (M 89)
100
Bismarck:
the (“Iron”) chancellor of the king of Prussia and a Junker (the landlord class) from Brandenburg (of Prussia). He wished “to strengthen the position of Prussia in Germany and of Germany in Europe.” Power, iron and blood was needed to do this, he said - and because he said this, he was known as ‘the Iron Chancellor.” He wanted a new German confederation without Austria in it. So he warred against Denmark, Austria, and France in little wars. Through him, Prussia defeated Austria in the Seven Weeks’ War (due to new technologies). He eventually formed the North German Confederation with 22 states, a confederation with a constitution that “included a parliament with broad suffrage.” He forced France to sign “a humiliating peace accord” after Prussia defeated France in the Franco-Prussian War. He then was able to proclaim a new German empire with Wilhelm I as its emperor, and he declared this new empire in the Hall of Mirrors in France.
101
Effect of German unification on European balance of power:
“Russia’s defeat in the war and Austria’s abstention from it weakened the two states that were most determined to preserve the peace settlements of 1815 and to prevent change,” and “the Sardinian gambit succeeded in advancing the Italian question.” (M 86)
102
Franco-Prussian war:
began after “Bismarck, [in 1870,] provoked the French ruler, Napoleon III, into declaring war on Prussia over a minor issue involving the fate of the Spanish throne.” The war itself only lasted six weeks, “and the Prussian victory was so swift and unexpected that there was no French government left to surrender.” Napoleon III “was taken prisoner, abdicated, and took refuge in England” as a result. (M 90 [ZM])
103
Napoleon III, Third French Republic:
the republic was established after Napoleon III “was taken prisoner, abdicated, and took refuge in England,” and after an insurrection in Paris occurred (“following those in 1789, 1830, and 1848”). It survived until WWII. (For Napoleon III, see above, “Marx and the Revolutions of 1848) (M 90, 91)
104
Causes and nature of European imperialism and colonialism in late 19th C.
Imperialism begun during age of exploration (15th and 16th C.), but these areas already mostly independent. (Mason, 94)
• In last quarter of 19th C., Euro powers compete for
global power: more than a quarter of Earth’s land
surface claimed by six Euro powers (Mason, 93)
• Reasons: response to depression, national pride,
strategic comp., expansion of markets, raw
materials, cheap labor, sense of civilizing mission
(Mason, 93) (From “Secular Age” powerpoint)
105
The Scramble for Africa: Suez Canal, Henry Stanley, King Leopold
Scramble for Africa
Almost entirety of inland Africa into Euro hands in 20 years
• 1869 Suez Canal
• 1879 Leopold sends Stanley to the Congo
• Est. dead in Congo Free State: 10 million
• 1884-5 Bismarck calls Berlin Conference
• Boer War, 1899-1902 - concentration camps
106
Gilded Age
”The term was coined by writers Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner. The Gilded Age was an era of rapid economic growth, especially in the North and West, but also much social conflict. American wages, especially for skilled workers, were much higher than in Europe, which attracted millions of immigrants. The increase of industrialization meant, despite the increasing labor force, real wages in the US grew 60% from 1860 to 1890, and continued to rise after that. However, the Gilded Age was also an era of poverty as very poor European immigrants poured in. Railroads were the major industry, but the factory system, mining, and labor unions also increased in importance. Two major nationwide depressions known as the Panic of 1873 and the Panic of 1893 interrupted growth. The South remained economically devastated; Blacks in the South were stripped of political power and voting rights. Reformers crusaded against child labor and for the 8-hour working day, civil service reform, prohibition, and women's suffrage. State and local governments built schools, colleges and hospitals; private ones were founded, often with support from local philanthropists; numerous religious denominations built institutions as well, such as parochial school systems for Catholics and some Protestant groups.”
107
Summarize Pragmatist epistemology:
“beliefs are to be valued according to their practical consequences…[and the] meaning and truth of any idea are functions of its practical outcomes….the determinative truth test is the proven usefulness of a belief.” It had an “evolutionary epistemology,” one that changes over time (i.e. the usefulness of certain beliefs may change over time). There is no “once for all” religious truth in existence. (Rev. 312 [ZM])
108
Explain why the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand sparked the Great War
The assassination of the Archduke sparked WWI because up till 1914 (the assassination) rivalries had already been growing among the major powers, along with the fact that huge armies were “prepared for rapid mobilization,” that there was “insurgent nationalism,” and “a collapsing Ottoman Empire.” Gavrilo Princip, the assassin, “was a young Bosnian Serb nationalist.” When Francis Joseph - the emperor of Austria and Ferdinand’s uncle - heard, he took the assassination to be, “in a way, an attack on all European monarchs and their empires.” Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany “gave a ‘blank check’ to Austria to make military retribution against Serbia.” It was impossible for Serbia to comply, though, because in doing so they would have totally forfeited their sovereignty. They tried to comply, but Austria didn’t think it was good enough, and so they declared war on them on July 28. (M 106, 107)
109
Describe William James’s “Moral Equivalent of War” (Note: William James is a pacifist)
MAIN IDEAS: 1. War does not need to be permanent, 2. there is a moral equivalent out there to war, and 3. the virtues the human race has acquired through military action (wars, etc.) can still be used in this moral equivalent for good. [ZM]
(Skim through this to get the main ideas filled into yer head; Goldberg goes from one thing to another)
“Only when forced upon one, is a war now thought permissible.”That is, early man thought it profitable to kill and loot, as did the Greeks, Alexander, etc. - but today it’s not seen as a “profitable” thing.
"Peace" in military mouths today is a synonym for "war expected."
“The intensely sharp preparation for war by the nations is the real war, permanent, unceasing; and that the battles are only a sort of public verification of the mastery gained during the "peace"-interval.”
“Patriotism no one thinks discreditable; nor does any one deny that war is the romance of history. But inordinate ambitions are the soul of any patriotism, and the possibility of violent death the soul of all romance.”
War is seen as a necessity now, held in the highest honor. “War is, in short, [seen as] a permanent human obligation.” For many it is the essence of nationalism and patriotism, and patriots will not let their patriotism down.
Some think that war is what keeps our race alive; it is the hammer that melds nation-states. Otherwise we would degenerate (according to S. R. Steinmez).
There is an unwillingness to accept that maybe in the future war will be impossible to have. Yet men are so comfortable in their thoughts about it that they cannot change; they must say that wars will never cease, and thus they must keep on supporting them. Pacifism “makes no converts from the military party.” (James describes a “moral” and “aesthetic” unwillingness on page 6)
Thus pacifists must offer a “moral equivalent” to war in order to win the militarists to their side. James envisions a utopia with a reign of peace “and the gradual event of some sort of social equilibrium.” And extravagant ambitions “will have to be replaced by reasonable claims, and nations must make common cause against them. I see no reason why all this should not apply to yellow as well as to white countries, and I look forward to a future when acts of war shall be formally outlawed as between civilized peoples.” There will have to be “some of the old elements of the army-position” in order to keep peace intact in the future socialistic world. Martial virtues (“intrepidity, contempt of softness, surrender of private
interest, obedience to command”) are “absolute and permanent human goods” (though originally gained from war). A better war for the youth would be a draft into “the war against ‘Nature’” - that is, mining coal, dishwashing, etc., in order to make them into men. “I have no serious doubt that the ordinary prides and shames of social man, once developed to a certain intensity, are capable of organizing such a moral equivalent as I have sketched, or some other just as effective for preserving manliness of type. It is but a question of time, of skilful propogandism, and of opinion-making men seizing historic opportunities.” In the end, “[the] only thing needed henceforward is to inflame the civic temper as part history has inflamed the military temper.” Finally, “Great indeed is Fear; but it is not, as our military enthusiasts believe and try to make us believe, the only stimulus known for awakening the higher ranges of men's spiritual energy.”
110
Provide Goldberg’s definition of fascism and explain why he believes Woodrow Wilson was “the twentieth century’s first fascist dictator”
Facism: “at its core, is the view that every nook and cranny of society should work together in spiritual union toward the same goals overseen by the state.” (80)
Wilson was in love with power; he thought of himself as the right hand of God, and thus whoever resisted him resisted divine power (85; in his earlier years he even thought that America should have switched to a parliamentary system so that there would be less checks-and-balances on rulers). True leaders, Wilson thought, use the masses like tools, speaking “to stir their passions, not their intellects”; a true leader “must be a skillful demagogue” (89). ‘Men are as clay in the hands of the consummate leader.’ “Wilson believed he was an idealist.” Wilson was against blind devotion to the Constitution (90). Imperialism, according to Goldberg, was “central to Progressivism” (91). Wilson was against (Jefferson’s) individualism: ‘America is not now and cannot in the future be a place for unrestricted individual enterprise’ (93). Wilson was a true fascist, Goldberg says. Fascism already happened here, in America.
111
Be familiar with technological advancements in WWI and how they contributed to the elongation and destructiveness of the war
“New military technology rendered the conflict even more destructive and dramatically widened the scope of warfare, increasingly bringing civilians and noncombatants under fire. The newly perfected machine gun increased firepower on the ground a hundredfold. Poison gas proved so effective that, by the end of the war, over a million casualties were attributed to gas, with almost one hundred thousand fatalities. The German Zeppelin (blimp) raids on London in 1915 were the first deliberate attacks on civilian targets during warfare. And the submarine, first used by the Germans to attack supply ships on their way to Britain, ended up sinking passenger liners as well. The German sinking of the British liner Lusitania in 1915, with the loss of 1,200 lives, including 118 American citizens, inflamed U. S. sentiment against the Germans and helped draw the United States into the war.” (M 109, emphasis added)
112
Arthur Zimmerman:
“was State Secretary for Foreign Affairs of the German Empire from November 22, 1916, until his resignation on August 6, 1917. His name is associated with the Zimmermann Telegram during World War I. However, he was also closely involved in plans to support an Irish rebellion, an Indian rebellion, and to help the Communists undermine Tsarist Russia. He has been called ‘arguably the most destructive person of the twentieth century.’” (wiki)
113
Battle of the Somme
“lasting for four months of 1916, [it] cost the Germans 500,000 men, the British 400,000 men, and the French 200,000 men, and nothing of value was gained by either side” total 1,100,000 men (Mas. 107-8; DL).
114
Battle of Verdun
Saw tens of thousands deaths per hour and resulted in hundreds of thousands of casualties overall (Mas. 107; DL).
115
Fourteen Points
“the WWI peace proposal of US president Woodrow Wilson in 1918, included appeals for self-determination of nations and the creation of a league of nations” (Mas. 206; DL).
116
Franz (Francis) Ferdinand
archduke of Austria who was assassinated in Sarajevo in 1914 which unleashed WWI (Mas. 103; DL).
117
Gavril Princip
the Bosnian Serb who assassinated the Austrian Archduke (Mas. 106; DL).
118
League of Nations
“AN international organization formed after WWI to promote peaceful settlement of international disputes through collective security; a predecessor to the united nations” (Mas. 207; DL). Each country would be responsible for protecting the sovereignty and independence of every country (Mas. 113; DL).
119
Lusitania
the ship that was sunk by the Germans. It was carrying about 100 Americans and ammunition. After this ship was sunk, the American’s joined WWI. (JAB)
120
Kaiser Wilhelm
German leader, gave a blank check to Austria to make a military retribution against Serbia (Mas. 106; DL).
121
New states created after the war
Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia (Mas. 113; DL).
122
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk:
“was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, between the new Bolshevik government of Russia (the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary,Bulgaria, and Turkey), that ended Russia's participation in World War I. The treaty was signed at Brest-Litovsk (now Brest, Belarus) after two months of negotiations. The treaty was forced on the Soviet government by the threat of further advances by German and Austrian forces. By the treaty, Soviet Russia defaulted on Imperial Russia's commitments to the Triple Entente alliance.” (wiki)
123
Treaty of Versailles
Heavy handed and punitive treaty towards Germany and it was signed in Paris in 1919 (Mas. 111; DL).
124
Triple Alliance
AKA the central powers, the alliance between Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Italy; at the beginning of WWI, Italy left (Mas. 211; DL).
125
Triple Entente
aka the allied powers, the loose alliance between Britain, France, and Russia (Mas. 211; DL).
126
Be familiar with the Muscovite and the Petrine models of tsardom
Muscovite
- Patriomonialism: Tzar owns Russia, like medieval lord
- Personal Rule: Tzar’s will unrestrained by law and bureaucracy
- Mystical Union: Tzar and his Orthodox people
Petrine
- More European, rationalized through law and bureaucracy
- Focus of political power: “the abstract concept o the state”
- Religious basis of tzarist power replaced by secular one
127
Be able to describe Russia socially, economically, and politically prior to the Revolution
- An agricultural empire
- 4/5 of inhabitants are peasants
- national income comes almost entirely from agriculture
- Industrialization begins in early 1890s and progresses rapidly
- world’s largest petroleum producer
- world’s fifth largest economy
- Rapid expansion of population
- Frequent droughts and famines
- Unemployment
- Mass peasant unrest
128
Aggregate demand
“the total amount...the total demand for goods and services in the economy” (econ. 340; DL)
129
Boom and bust cycle
the rising and falling of a specific market within the greater economy.
130
Capital
“The money and physical assets (such as machines and infrastructure) used to produce an income. A key ingredient of economic activity, along with land, labor, and enterprise” (econ. 340; DL)
131
Debt
“A promise made by one party (the debtor) to another (the creditor) to pay him back” (econ 341; DL).
132
Deficit
“An imbalance. [For example] a trade deficit is an excess of imports over exports; a government budget deficit is an excess of spending over tax revenues” (econ 341; DL).
133
Free market economy
“An economy in which decisions about production are made by private individuals and companies on the bases of supply and demand, and prices are determined by the market” (econ 341; DL).
134
Fiscal policy
“A government’s plans for taxes and spending” (Ec. 341; DL).
135
Inflation
Government produces money, which leads to decrease in the dollar bill value
136
Interest rate
“the price of borrowing money. The interest rate on a loan is generally stated as a percentage of the amount per year that must be repaid in addition to the sum borrowed” (econ 342; DL).
137
Mixed economy
“An economy in which part of the means of production is owned by the state and part of it is owned privately combining aspects of planned economies and market economies. Strictly speaking, nearly all economies are mixed economies, but the balance can vary widely” (econ, 343; DL).
138
Monetary policy
Government policies aimed at changing the money supply or interest rates in order to stimulate or slow down the economy” (econ. 343; DL).
139
Stocks
“the capital raised by a business or corporation through the issue and subscription of shares” (google definition; DL).
140
TANSTAAFL
“There ain’t no such thing as a free lunch.” Everything costs money. If someone gets something for free, someone else somewhere is paying.
141
Trade
the imports and exports of goods and services
142
Tariffs
“a tax imposed on firms and individuals by governments. its payment is enforced by law” (econ, 343; DL).
143
Be able to compare and contrast the Keynesian and Austrian schools of economics
John Maynard Keynes
The government should spend money to kick-start the economy
Hayek (Austrian School)
argues that state interference in economies is wrong and will ultimately lead to repression
144
Keynesian
The boom and bust happened because of the unregulated economy. Post-WWII’s deficit spending brought us out of the Depression (by using economic stimulus). Solution: We should trust in fiscal policy to get us out of depression.
145
Monetarist
The Federal Reserve allowed the value of money to fall, they did not try to stabilize through interest rates. Their solution: Allow government to control money.
146
Austrian
The Boom and Bust cycle is from the Federal Reserve that is messing up the interest-rates. They bailed out the Bank of England, which caused inflation in the U.S. By stepping away from the gold-standard, buyers increased spending with money that they did not have. Solution: Do not bail-out failing corporations - doing so enables their unwise decisions. Hoover/the New Deal extended the depression.
147
Black Monday and Tuesday
October 28-29, 1929. The U.S. stock market fell, and many people tried to cash in their stocks all at once. (Johnathon’s lecture)
148
Bonus Army
The government promised WWI veterans a bonus based on their length and location of service which could be paid them in 1945 or upon their death. Many veterans wanted this bonus paid to them sooner, so on June 7, 1924, thousands of WWI veterans marched on Washington in protest, earning them the name “Bonus Army.” Although they were nonviolent and many brought their families with them, they were forced out of the D.C. area at the end of July by General Douglas MacArthur with tanks and tear gas. (Rauchway)
149
Bretton Woods Conference
Held in New Hampshire with 44 delegates who gathered together to discuss what would happen economically post- WWII
150
Civil Conservation Corps (1933)
Provided work for men between the ages of 18 and 35. Organized by the War Department, these young men had to be single, healthy, unemployed, an American citizen, and a member of a family on relief. A significant portion of his wages would go to his family. (Rauchway) [A. Kasahara]
151
Emergency Banking Act (1933)
Temporarily cut the dollar’s tether to gold; eventually, Roosevelt issued an executive order that prevented Americans to hold gold and required that they turn in their gold to Federal Reserve Banks in exchange for other currency. (Rauchway)
152
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Created by the Banking Act of 1933; it is essentially insurance for those who deposit into a bank (up to $100k)
153
Fireside chats
A series of radio broadcasted speeches by FDR in which he explained his policies and encouraged the people with his fatherly tone.
154
Franklin D. Roosevelt
served as president for three terms, created the new deal.
155
International Monetary Fund
Established to help smaller nations that were struggling financially. (Johnathon’s Lecture)
156
National Recovery Administration (1933)
Allowed FDR to create work-relief agencies and created a more managed industrial policy. They advocated for “price fixing” through codes that catered to the large businesses because the smaller businesses were less able to comply with the restrictions of the code. The goal of this administration was not quick economic recovery but the balancing of American power and wealth. (Rauchway)
157
Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930)
Signed by Hoover, this tariff raised taxes on imports to America. Though a tariff had worked in response to the depression of 1921, this time the tariff backfired as other nations raised tariffs to protect their own citizens. (Rauchway) [A. Kasahara]
158
Tennessee Valley Authority
Organization that hired people to build dams and provide agriculture for the American South [Alen; Bowers’ Lecture].
159
Wagner Act of 1935
is a foundational statute of US labor law which guarantees basic rights of private sector employees to organize into trade unions, engage in collective bargaining for better terms and conditions at work, and take collective action including strike if necessary. AKA National labor relations act (wiki) (DL)
160
Works Progress Administration
People hired to work for the government directly; criticized because some people saw that they were pointless jobs [Alen; Bowers’ Lecture]
161
Explain why Hitler referred to his administration as the Third Reich: what were the previous two?
Throwback Thursday (TBT) to the middle ages:
Otto I started HRE (962 - First Reich)
Bismarck [Second Reich]
[Alen; Bowers’ Lecture]
Shows Hitler viewed himself as contributing to a new significant part of German history, establishing a sort of new world order
162
Discuss the arguments for and against dropping the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Pro: Because JP refused to surrender, it was better to “shock and awe into
submission.”
Anti: JP would have surrendered eventually, that would not have left so much carnage.
163
Battle of Stalingrad
Germany’s attempt to take control of oil fields around Stalingrad in Russia. Germany surrendered to the Russians in January 1943.
164
Beer Hall Putsch
Hitler’s attempt to overthrow the German government that failed. This put him in jail, where he wrote Mein Kampf [Alen; Bowers’ Lecture].
165
Benito Mussolini
“Il Duche”; Italian Dictator who coined the term “fascists.” His followers were called the “Black-Shirts.” Seized power in Italy in 1922. Was made Prime Minister after the “March on Rome” [Alen; Bowers’ Lecture]
166
Blitzkrieg
“Lightning Strike”; Hitler’s military approach that tries to overwhelm the enemies with a barrage of attacks [Alen; Bowers’ Lecture].
167
Count Claus von Stauffenberg
Attempted to assassinate Adolf Hitler. Hid a bomb in his suitcase and planted it near Hitler in one of his meetings, but the briefcase was moved by another officer which made the explosion not fatal for Hitler. [Clayton, Bowers’ lecture - think of the movie Valkyrie]
168
D-Day (Operation Overlord):
(June 6, 1944) The US forces storm Normandy with a surprise attack against Hitler’s forces. They attacked on five different beaches (most difficult was Omaha Beach) [Alen; Bowers’ Lecture].
169
Emperor Hirohito:
Japanese Emperor during WWII
170
Lebensraum
“Living Room”; Hitler’s phrase for “needing breathing space” from the Jews (?) [Alen; Bowers’ Lecture].
171
Operation Barbarossa
German attempt to invade Russia; Name came from Fredrick Barbarossa (12th Century HR Emperor). Hitler wanted to gain the land. Three prong attack in 1941 on:
Leningrad: The Germans only were able to cut off the rail line from Moscow, but not gain the city.
Moscow: Lasted from October to December but, the Germans failed because they could not stand the winter.
Kiev: Hitler took control through invasion.
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Potsdam Conference
Britain [Atley], US [Trueman], and Russia [Stalin] came together to decide what would happen to Germany. This divided Berlin between communist and capitalist views [Alen ;Bowers’ Lecture].
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Pearl Harbor
American Naval base attacked by 336 Japanese planes on December 7, 1941 on the Island of Oahu
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V-E Day - May 8, 1945:
Victory in Europe [Alen; Bowers’ Lecture].
175
V-J Day - August, 1945:
Victory in Japan. In August, America dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which led Japan to surrender. [Clayton; Bowers’ lecture]
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Weimar Republic
Democratic Republic created by the German National assembly that existed from the time of World War I to Hitler’s rise to power. (Mason) [A. Kasahara]
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Winston Churchill
Replaced Neville Chamberlain as English Prime Minister. Tried to incite Hitler to bomb London so that they could predict his movements and immobilize his forces, and keep him occupied from attack other places. Hitler responded with the Blitz on London. [Alen; Bowers’ Lecture].
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Alger Hiss
A State Department official who was convicted of perjury for denying under oath that he had been a Soviet agent in the late 30s. This event inspired Joseph McCarthy to go nuts try to find commi’s in the government. (Gaddis, 39) horning
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Bay of Pigs
An unsuccessful invasion attempt of Cuba by America. It was pretty embarrassing to the Kennedy administration. (Gaddis) horning
180
Berlin Air Lift
Moscow blockaded West Berlin from West Germany. In response the US airlifted supplies to West Berlin for about a year. (Mason, 150) horning
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Berlin Wall
The wall was built in 1961 to keep the people of east Berlin from leaving for west Berlin. Seen as one of the greatest failures of communism that it had to put up a wall to keep its people in. Also symbolic of the over all separation between the west and east. The wall fell in 1989 under increasing unrest. (Gaddis) horning
182
Che Guevara
“El Che” was an important figure in the Cuban Revolution. (Wiki) horning
183
Cuban Missile Crisis
In an attempt to help spread communism to latin America and protect their Cuba, Khrushchev sent an array of long and short range missiles to keep on Cuba, pointed at America. Americans blockaded Cuba to keep any more missile being sent to Cuba. A few days of intense negotiations took place. In the end Khrushchev agreed to remove the weapons when the US promised to not attack Cuba and remove their Nukes pointed at Russia, stationed in Turkey. This was the closest the Cold War got to nuclear war. (Gaddis, 75-78) horning
184
Douglas MacArthur
Commander of the US occupation forces in Japan. He was the ruler of Japan and then the Commander of UN forces during the Korean war. He was eventually fired by Eisenhauer for stretching his authority too much. (Gaddis/Wiki) horning
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George F. Kennan
Sent “The Long Telegram (Feb. 22, 1946)” based on active observations of the Soviets. Kennan believed that the Soviets have an ideological regime, which treated the outside world as a hostile place, thereby giving grounds for Stalin’s dictatorship. He also said that the US does not need to go to war against the Russians, but to have a “long term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies.” [Alen; JM Lecture/Powerpoint].
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Marshall Plan
Named for and constructed by George Marshall, Secretary of State under Truman.
Plan set forth for the preservation of Europe
Responded to the fear that war-induced famine and poverty would open European doors to Communism, the Marshall Plan sought to cause psychological benefits by providing economic aid to those European countries.
This set Stalin and Russia up as the villain, when (intentionally, Marshall wanted this to happen,) Stalin forbade those Eastern European countries under its control from accepting U.S. aid. [[Gaddis, p. 31, 32]] [krez]
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NATO
(North Atlantic Treaty Organization) “A regional mutual defense alliance formed by the United States in 1949 to block the threat of Soviet military aggression in Europe. Its membership expanded and its mission changed after the collapse of communism in 1989– 1991” [Alen; Mason].
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Nikita Kruschev
Succeeded Malenkov as the Russian leader,
He was a bit of a blowhard who claimed he had bombs he didnt have.
He wanted peaceful coexistence, but always tried to get it by threatening to blow people up. This was called the Potemkin Strategy.
Cause all sorts of trouble politically.
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Third World
Coined because as countries became independent, they were asked whether they were for the Soviet Union or US [Alen; JM Lecture].
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Truman Doctrine
“Based on a speech by U.S. president Harry Truman in 1947, a pledge by the United States to support ‘free people who are resisting attempted subjugation’; the doctrine became a basis for the U.S. policy of the containment of communism” [Alen; Mason].
191
Brown vs. Board of Education
Outlawed racially segregated education in the US.
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
Outlaws segregation
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Cultural Revolution
A rebellion incited by Mao Zedong in China to throw off any forms of capitalism [Alen; Bowers’ Lecture].
194
Glasnost
Gorbachev’s term for publicity or openness
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Ho Chi Minh
(Established North Vietnam in 1964) Communist leader of North Vietnam [Alen; Bowers’ Lecture].
196
Leonid Brezhnev
Brezhnev Doctrine -> USSR has the right to put down any capitalist rebellion by force, regardless of what country it is taking place in).
197
Margaret Thatcher
First female Prime Minister of Britain - known as the “Iron Lady.”
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Martin Luther King, Jr.
Pastor in Montgomery AL who believed in non-violent protests. He lead the bus boycott from 1955-56 and the Civil Rights Movement March, and gave the “I Have a Dream” speech. He was assassinated in Memphis, TN in 1968
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Mikhail Gorbachev
Two Main Principles
Perestroika, “Restructuring" or “Reconstruction”
Glasnost = “Publicity” or “Openness”
Communist who was open to a free market (Contradiction in terms?)
200
Mujahideen
Islamic militant group in Afghanistan
201
Non-alignment
Refers to the swing-vote of nations to choose whether they were for US, Russia, or stay independent (aka “Third-World Countries”) [Alen; Bowers’ Lecture]. Also: I think more specifically this was a group of countries who intentionally remained independent in order to use political pressure to strong-arm the Russian/US government into compliance. [krez]
202
Perestroika
Gorbachev’s term for reorganizing the political structure of Russia [Alen; Bowers’ Lecture].
203
Pope John Paul II
First polish and non-italian Pope. John Paul II comes from a communist country and after his appointment, Poland cries out for God.
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Ronald Reagan
POTUS (peace be upon him) who tried to be friendly with the Russians and dispose of the Nuclear warheads in the US.
205
Vaclav Havel
Participated in the Velvet Revolution (Possibly related to the album “The Velvet Underground and Nico” by Andy Warhol)
Became President
