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Cognition > History of psych🧐 > Flashcards

History of psych🧐 Flashcards

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1
Q

Philosophical foundation of cognition

A

Rationalism & Empiricism

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2
Q

Psychology as an experimental science is based on what school of thinking

A

Structuralism & Functionalism

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3
Q

What is Epistemology and who are the fathers

A

Philosophical study of human knowledge guided by Socrates, Aristotle and Plato

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4
Q

What are the 3 steps of the Socratic Method

A
  1. clarification
  2. questioning assumptions
  3. seeking alternatives
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5
Q

What is one of the central element of Socrate philosophy

A

Knowing that you know nothing

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6
Q

Order Aristotle, Socrate and Plato

A
  1. Socrate
  2. Plato (student of socrates)
  3. Aristotle
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7
Q

What does knowledge involves according to Plato

A

Both experiences and reason which leads to deductive reasoning

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8
Q

Plato’s view is associated to which school of thoughts

A

Rationalism + emphasis on the importance of a-priori knowledge

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9
Q

Our mental processes and reasoning are ____ according to Plato

A

innate

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10
Q

The allegory of the caverne demonstrate what exactly on our observation

A

Observation does not always lead to certainty

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11
Q

Aristotle philosophy is based on what

A

Empiricism, inductive observational reasoning

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12
Q

Who thinks we should learn from what we see

A

Aristotle according to inductive observational reasoning and empiricism

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13
Q

According to Aristotle, thought arise forming ______ among _______

A

association, observations

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14
Q

According to which greek philosopher the mind is nothing before forming associations

A

Aristotle

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15
Q

According to whom, knowledge comes from experience

A

Aristotle

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16
Q

Is empiricism more aligned with “Nature” or “Nurture”

A

Nurture! We are “programmed” by our environnement

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17
Q

Between Nature and Nurture, which supports that we are more programmed by our environment

A

Nurture

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18
Q

Rationalism is more aligned with “nature” or “nurture”

A

Nature! According to genetics for instance

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19
Q

What determines us according to the Nature point of view

A

Genetics

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20
Q

Structuralism focuses on what

A

identifying the basic elements of thought

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21
Q

Which school of thought focuses on how the basic elements of our consciousness combine to form complex thoughts

A

Structuralism

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22
Q

Which school of thought encourages introspection (reporting thought and observation)

A

Structuralism (think about Zachy)

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23
Q

Who is the father of Structuralism

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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24
Q

What did Wilhelm Wundt strive to do

A

Identify the simplest units of the mind that he thought followed certain laws to create complex thoughts

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25
Wilhelm Wundt wanted to create what exactly (Mendeleev)
"mental" periodic table of elements --> Structuralism
26
Psychophysics are based on what
empirical introspection
27
What does Psychophysics examines
cognitive phenomenon by linking sensory experiences
28
What is the thought meter and who named it
Name of the mental chronometry used to measure the time of reaction to a certain task --> by Wilhelm Wundt
29
Who practiced pure introspection
Edward Titchener
30
What does pure introspection lead to
1. looking inward | 2. association of basic thought = complex thoughts
31
What is one of the critic of structuralism
Too subjective, not replicable and approach are too simplistic
32
Who believed consciousness is personal and cannot be broken down into parts as it is constantly changing
William James : Functionalist Leader
33
What is the focus of functionalism
- Why the mind works | - usefulness of knowledge, of cognition
34
What is the shift of 1900s in psych
Shift from studying the mind to simply behaviour
35
True of False : Behaviour is contingent on a schedule of reinforcement, rewards and punishments
True, rewards encourage behaviours, punishment reduce behaviours
36
What is one of the problem with Behaviourism
- overestimation of the scope of their explanations - cannot account for complex human behaviour - assumption that learning is the same for all and same across species is false
37
What is the view of behaviourism on language
Language is learned through conditioning | --> this doesn't take into consideration the mental processed of language...limitation!
38
What happened during the cognitive revolution
Acceptance of - the internal mental states (like structuralism) - scientific method (aligns with Behaviourism)
39
What caused the cognitive revolution
rise in technology and computer science
40
Why make an analogy with the human mind and computer
Because it supports the view that the mind is like a processor of information
41
What is the computation view of the mind
The mind performs a series of specific computations on inputs (info from external) to produce an output (behaviour)
42
Computation is contained is what specific processing systems
attention, memory, perception
43
True of false, the time it takes to process an information indicates the quantity of information processed
True, the amount of information processed and time to process are inversely related
44
What is the difference between representation and processes
processes transform representation which are composed of symbolic forms of an entity
45
in 2 + 2 = 4, what is the representation and the process
representation : 2, 4 | process : +, =
46
why do we process information
to reduce uncertainty
47
getting interesting, what is the method of the William Hick experiment on reaction time and information content
Display of 10 lamps where one lamp lit up every few second. Participant had to press bottom when lamp lights up Trial 1 : only one lamp light up Trial 2 : any of the ten light up
48
What is the conclusion of the lamp experiment of W. Hick
reaction time to press the buttom increased as the number of lamp that could possible light up increased
49
What is Hick's Law
The more information contained in a signal, the longer it takes to make a correct response to the signal
50
What is the method of Ray Hyman experiment with lamp named with Bs
Exp. 1 : increased the variety of choice (3 lamps vs 2 lamps) Exp. 2 : Varied the number of times a light was active, so increases the familiarity Exp. 3 : altered the sequential probabilities - high sequential probability : light likely to light up after one precise one - low sequential probability : complete randomness in order
51
What are the conclusions of Ray Hyman experiment 1, where they increased the variety of choice (3 lamps vs 2 lamps)
increasing the variety increases the time of response
52
What are the conclusions of Ray Hyman experiment 2 where they varied the number of times a light was active, so increases the familiarity
↑ the familiarity, ↓ reaction time
53
What are the conclusions of Ray Hyman experiment 3 where they altered the sequential probabilities
The higher is the sequential probability, the shorter is the reaction time
54
What is the sum up conclusion of Ray Hyman experiment
↑ uncertainty, ↑ information must be processed, ↑ reaction time
55
What causes decision fatigue
We have a limited amount of cognitive processing
56
What is the consequences of EARLY decision fatigue
affect our ability to make later decision
57
What are the results of Webster & Thompson air traffic experiment
Call signals where well identified as the contain less information compared to unrelated word messages that needed more processing due to the unfamiliarity of the message
58
What is the conclusion of Webster & Thompson air traffic experiment
Demonstrated that our processing capacity is limited and this limit is partly determined by FAMILIARITY
59
What are schemas
they are organized templates to assist information processing that direct exploration of the environment Ex: university class, dining out, going to the doctor
60
True or false, Schema's guide exploration of the world and are shaped by what we find
True
61
Actual environment → ? → knowledge of the environment
Modifies
62
Perceptual exploration → ? → Actual environment
Samples
63
Knowledge of the environment → ? → Perceptual exploration
Directs
64
What is cognitive ethology
A united approach that supports the complementarity of standard laboratory tests and real-world observations
65
Cognitive ethology is a synonym for ecologically valid research
yes, it is!
66
How to clothes influence cognition according to experiment with casual and formal clothes
Formal clothes are associated with abstract, big picture thinking
67
True or false, human cognition does not change across situations
False, it does change across situation, a lot!
68
What are some consequences of laboratory research in psychology
- don't take into consideration that human cognition changes across situation - don't take into consideration that emotions, motivation and distraction influence how we think - very objective - bring essential accurate measure on objective aspect of cognition
69
What methods can we use to study cognition in the real-world
- cameras - social experiment in the street - data analysis of people...woupsi - so many others!! THINK OUTSIDE THE BOX

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