History of the Modern Middle East

Question 1

Ummah

Answer 1

The universal Islamic community

Question 2

Tanzimat

Answer 2

Reforms taken between 1839-1876 in the Ottoman Empire

Question 3

A’ayan

Answer 3

The Provincial notables

Question 4

The young Turks

Answer 4

The ruling force in the ottoman empire b/w 1909/1918

Question 5

Benedict Anderson

Answer 5

understand the ‘anomaly’ of nationalism

Question 6

Muhammad Ali Pasha

Answer 6

An albanian.

Question 7

The 3 major groups of the Ottoman ruling elite

Answer 7

?

Question 8

The non-muslim inhabitants of the ottoman empire

Answer 8

Organized under the Millet system. Considered subjects of the ottoman state Considered Dhimmis, protected subjects of the OE

Question 9

Nizam-i-cedid: New order is

Answer 9

Reform program of Sultan selim 3 and his new army

Muhamad Ali’s new western style army

Question 10

Ulama

Answer 10

Members of the Islamic religious etablishment

Judges teachers, religious scholars, administrators of the religious hierarchy

Question 11

Orientalism

Answer 11

Book Edward Said 1978 the way the Occident studies, understands, objectifies the orient.

The WEST is Rational, modern advanced entity as opposed to the EAST, sentimental, romantic, traditional, feminine entity

Question 12

The mandate powers granted the national movements full independence right after the war (1918)

Answer 12

NO, defined as not yet able to stand for themselves under the strenuous conditions of the modern world NO, the “advanced nations” (mandatory powers) considered this region as having a strategic and financial significance and therefore did not want to leave

Question 13

According to benny morris “Righteous victims” are

Answer 13

Trying

Question 14

Albert Hourani in his book is

Answer 14

Trying to describe the changing balance of power in the 18th century. Describing the rise of the notables

Question 15

The two decrees of the tanzimat period were remarkable since

Answer 15

equality for all subjects

designed by the new reformers Europeanized Ottoman bureaucrats

Question 16

One of the dvpt of the post Tanzimat period was the growing tension b/w Muslims and Christians. That was the result of

Answer 16

Granting equality to all subjects of the Empire Reforms forced upon the Ottomans subjects from above Reforms backed by European powers

Question 17

Agreements and understandings achieved during the war had various consequences

Answer 17

The Hussein-MacMahon and Sykes-Picot contradicted each other, and created different set of obligations among Britain and France. Balfour declaration created great discontent among the arabs in Palestine, who viewed it as a pro-jewish and anti-arab what created a future conflict b/w the Zionist movement and Arab national movement.

Question 18

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk is considered to be the founder of modern Turkey since he saved T from defeat of WW1. How did he manage to do so ?

Answer 18

change the conditions and humiliating dividing agreements signed after the war military actions to rebel against the government in Istanbul political actions = etablishing the Grand National Assembly that adopted a constitution = right of full Turkish sovereignty over the territories of the empire inhabited by a Turkish majority

Question 19

What were the political conditions of the Ottoman Empire after the war ?

Answer 19

The Sultan dismissed the Ottoman Parliament in Istanbul and decided to cooperate with the allied powers that were determined to punish the Ottomans as a defeated power. The ottoman army was dismantled of its weapons according to the Treaty of Modrus. Military rule was declared by the allied forces (Britain & France) and Greece established Greek presence in Izmir in 1919

Question 20

The Ottoman Empire was no different than any other Islamic State

Answer 20

Yes, because All past ISL STATE recongnized the diversity of territories and populations and adopted flexible administrative practices that could accommodate the needs of different regions and different cultures YES, because all past ISL State had a special blend of traditions: the Gaza, the urban Islamic traditions, the local custom, the byzantine tradition

Question 21

The explanation by which the Ottoman empire entered into a period of a decline following the reign of Suleiman (16THCENTURY) is still accepted among scholars

Answer 21

no longer accepted because scholars have noticed that the loss of Ottoman superiority lays in external as well as internal causes. No, scholars have shown that the Ottomans from the 17 to the 20 centuries went trough a lot of changes.

Question 22

Ayan

Answer 22

Provincial notables

Question 23

Bab i Ali Sublime porte

Answer 23

The main building housing the ottoman government. The collective name for the ottoman government and authority.

Question 24

Capitulations

Answer 24

Commercial treaties b/w the OE and European states which granted European citizens favorable tariffs and extraterritorial privileges

Question 25

Devshirme

Answer 25

The Ottoman levy of Christian youths to be trained for service in the administration or the military.

Question 26

Firman

Answer 26

Sultanic edict

Question 27

Ghazy

Answer 27

A Muslim frontier warrior fighting against non-Muslims to extend the territories of Islam.

Question 28

Grand vizier

Answer 28

The highest-ranking administrative official in the Ottoman Empire.

Question 29

Itizam system

Answer 29

Tax farming. The system of Iltizam was used in the Ottoman Empire in different periods. According to this tax farming system, the lands were assigned to tax farmers, who were responsible for cultivating the land and collecting taxes from the people living in it. A certain proportion of the tax money was paid back to the state, and the rest of the money was his revenue.

Question 30

Ijtihad

Answer 30

Self interpretation of Islam. One of the ideas of reform in Islamic thought presented by Jamal al-Din al-Afghani and Muhammad 'Abduh.

Question 31

Janisseries

Answer 31

The Ottoman infantry corps recruited through the Devshirme.

Question 32

Mamluks

Answer 32

Slave soldiers who converted to Islam and served the Muslim caliphs (rulers). Over time and in various places they gained independent power and became a threat to the ruler. Such was the case in Egypt in the late 18th century until the beginning of Muhammad Ali's reign.

Question 33

Mecelle

Answer 33

a corpus of civil law.

Question 34

Millet

Answer 34

A recognized non-Muslim religious community in the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans administered their non-Muslim subjects through the millets and allowed them a large measure of internal autonomy in religious and legal affairs.

Question 35

Miri

Answer 35

State-owned land.

Question 36

Mufti

Answer 36

An expert in Islamic law qualified to give authoritative legal opinions. Musftis were members of the ulama.

Question 37

Qadi

Answer 37

A judge in a court administering religious law.

Question 38

Shari'a

Answer 38

Literally "path" or "way". The codified, divinely ordained law of Islam that governs all aspects of Muslim behavior.

Question 39

Sultan

Answer 39

The Ottoman ruler, sovereign, who also carried the spiritual authority of Chaliph.

Question 40

Sunnah

Answer 40

Custom; The practice of the prophet and the early Islamic community that became an exemplary precedent for all Muslims.

Question 41

Timar

Answer 41

The land and tax revenues that the Ottoman state granted to a Sipahi in return to his military service.

Question 42

Ulama

Answer 42

Literally, "those learned in the ways of Islam". The collective term for the members of the Islamic religious establishment, including judges, teachers, religious scholars, and administrators of the religious hierarchy.

Question 43

vali

Answer 43

Governor of a province.

Question 44

waaf

Answer 44

Property of other revenue-yielding source endowed for a religious institution or charity. During the late Ottoman period, waqf endowments by private families became widespread as well. The income from waqf was exempt from taxation.