History test Flashcards
british north american history (113 cards)
1
Q
What is Confederation?
A
The union of some colonies of British North America to form the Dominion of Canada in July 1867.
2
Q
When do Canadians celebrate Confederation?
A
Every July 1st on Canada Day.
3
Q
What were the challenges of uniting different colonies?
A
Each colony had its own needs and concerns.
4
Q
What significant act did the United States pass that affected migration to British North America?
A
The Fugitive Slave Act.
5
Q
Who was elected as president of the provisional government established by the Métis?
A
Louis Riel.
6
Q
What was the Manitoba Act?
A
Legislation passed by the federal government regarding the province of Manitoba.
7
Q
What event took place between government troops and the Métis?
A
The Battle of Batoche.
8
Q
How long did it take to build 3200 km of railway track?
A
4.5 years.
9
Q
What was the estimated population of Canada in 1871?
A
3,736,904.
10
Q
How many Black people migrated to British North America along the Underground Railroad?
A
Approximately 30,000 to 40,000.
11
Q
Fill in the blank: The _______ was a significant event that marked the unification of Canada.
A
Confederation.
12
Q
What was the purpose of an editorial in the context of this unit?
A
To present an opinion supported by evidence about the success of Confederation.
13
Q
What were some of the key industries in the Atlantic colonies during the mid-1800s?
A
- Fisheries
- Agriculture
- Shipping
- Coal mining
- Shipbuilding.
14
Q
What were the two main classes of people in the Atlantic colonies during the mid-1800s?
A
- Working-class
- Middle-class.
15
Q
Who was Joseph Salter?
A
A successful New Brunswick businessman and politician known for his shipbuilding company.
16
Q
What was the significance of the Reciprocity Treaty?
A
It facilitated trade between the United States and British North America.
17
Q
What was the impact of new technologies in British North America during the mid-1800s?
A
Changed how goods were produced and distributed and contributed to urbanization.
18
Q
What challenges did Aboriginal peoples face during this period?
A
Displacement by settlers and government policies.
19
Q
Analyze the role of shipbuilding in the economy of New Brunswick.
A
It was a significant part of the economy, contributing to trade and industry growth.
20
Q
True or False: The Atlantic colonies were politically controlled by the British government.
A
True.
21
Q
What was the relationship between forestry and shipbuilding in New Brunswick?
A
Forestry supported the shipbuilding industry by providing necessary materials.
22
Q
What does a flow map show?
A
The movement of people or goods using arrows to indicate direction and quantity.
23
Q
What was the primary economic activity for people in Newfoundland in the 1800s?
A
Fishing the rough waters of the North Atlantic
Fishing families often faced debt to wealthy merchants.
24
Q
What treaty allowed free trade between British North America and the United States in the 1850s?
A
Reciprocity Treaty
Signed in 1854, it facilitated trade without taxes on agricultural products and natural resources.
25
How did the American Civil War impact trade from the Atlantic colonies?
Increased demand for agricultural products and natural resources
## Footnote
Trade diminished after the war as the Reciprocity Treaty was canceled.
26
What was the significance of the Reciprocity Treaty for the Atlantic colonies?
It increased trade and economic opportunities
## Footnote
Trade to the United States increased after the treaty was enacted.
27
What was a common issue faced by children in the 1800s in British North America?
Working in dangerous conditions for low wages
## Footnote
British North American colonies lacked laws protecting child labor.
28
What were the names of the First Nations mentioned in relation to land rights in the Atlantic colonies?
Mi’kmaq, Maliseet, Passamaquoddy
## Footnote
These groups signed Peace and Friendship treaties with the British government.
29
What was the role of seigneurs in Canada East?
Wealthy landowners who rented out smaller plots to farmers
## Footnote
The Papineaus were notable seigneurs in the region.
30
What economic shift occurred as farming could no longer support families in Canada East?
Many Canadiens sought jobs in the lumber industry
## Footnote
This led to increased competition for low-wage jobs.
31
What was the estimated percentage of the population living in cities in Canada East by 1867?
20 percent
## Footnote
This was a significant increase from 5 percent in 1800.
32
Fill in the blank: The _______ was a significant trade agreement that allowed free trade between British North America and the United States.
Reciprocity Treaty
33
True or False: The Reciprocity Treaty was canceled after the American Civil War.
True
## Footnote
The cancellation led to increased taxes on goods from British North America.
34
What did Chief Noel Briot petition the government for?
To stop the sale of land at Tabusintac
## Footnote
He believed it would lead to extreme poverty for the Mi’kmaq.
35
What was the impact of the industrialization on children's work in the 1800s?
Increased demand for child labor in factories and mills
## Footnote
Many children worked under hazardous conditions.
36
How did the cancellation of the Reciprocity Treaty affect trade for the Atlantic colonies?
It led to heavy taxation on goods and loss of markets
## Footnote
The Atlantic colonies lost a valuable market for their products.
37
What was the primary business of the Papineaus in Canada East?
Sawmills and large commercial farms
## Footnote
They also rented land to many Canadien farmers.
38
What economic challenges did many Canadien farmers face in the mid-1800s?
Inability to pay debts and loss of land
## Footnote
Many were forced to move to cities or seek work elsewhere.
39
What percentage of the population of Canada East lived in cities by 1867?
20 percent
40
What drove many farmers from Canada East to seek work in the United States?
Poor harvests
41
According to Patrice Lacombe's novel, what did Chauvin do after losing his land?
He sought shelter in the city
42
What did the influx of farmers into the city do to the population of suburbs?
Almost doubled it
43
What are characteristics of good inquiry questions?
* Important and meaningful
* Open-ended
* Debatable
* Can be answered by gathering evidence
44
What industry employed about 20 percent of Montréal's manufacturing workforce in 1871?
Clothing industry
45
What percentage of workers in the clothing industry were women and children?
80 percent
46
True or False: Factory owners paid women and children the same wages as men.
False
47
What was the role of women on farms in the 1800s?
* Grew food
* Helped with harvesting
* Milked cows
* Cooked
* Made clothing
48
What was the impact of the large population of Montréal on labor conditions?
Led to lower wages
49
What did Lord Metcalfe believe about assimilation of Canadiens?
It should be abandoned
50
What is nationalism?
A belief that people with a common culture, language, and history should form an independent nation
51
What did the Papineaus advocate for in relation to the French seigneurial system?
Keeping the system
52
What role did the Catholic Church play in promoting Canadien identity?
Invested in railways, mining, and lumber
53
What was the first French-language university in British North America?
Laval University
54
Who was Joseph Montferrand?
A legendary Canadien lumberjack and strongman
55
What did Bishop Laflèche define as true patriotism?
Love of country and attachment to language and faith
56
What impact did the rapid rise in the Canadien population have on their living conditions?
Increased competition for jobs and resources
57
What was the effect of the railway system on farming in Canada West?
Improved transportation of crops to market
58
What transformation occurred in Canada West by the 1850s?
Changed from isolated settlements to a network of farms, towns, and cities
59
What new opportunities did the railways create for immigrants in Canada West?
Economic growth and business opportunities
60
Who was Thornton Blackburn?
The first cab service operator in Toronto, a Black American who escaped slavery
61
Who was Thornton Blackburn?
A Black American who escaped slavery and started the first cab service in Toronto
## Footnote
Thornton Blackburn and his family came to Canada West after slavery was outlawed in the British Empire in 1833.
62
What economic opportunity did the Blackburns achieve in Canada West?
They set up their own business and became successful
## Footnote
Thornton Blackburn left $17,000 to his widow, Lucie Blackburn, upon his death in 1890.
63
What was the population of Canada West between the 1840s and 1860s?
The population tripled to almost one and a half million
## Footnote
This included many British immigrants, Black Americans, and a large influx of Irish immigrants.
64
What challenges did Irish immigrants face in Canada West?
They often lacked money to buy land and had to compete for jobs
## Footnote
This competition created social tensions with other immigrant groups.
65
What was the Orange Order?
A society formed by Irish Protestants to defend their community
## Footnote
The Orange Order influenced politics and public services in Toronto during the late 1800s.
66
How many mayors of Toronto between 1845 and 1900 were members of the Orange Order?
20 out of 23 mayors
## Footnote
This highlights the significant influence of the Orange Order in local politics.
67
What was the Underground Railroad?
A secret network that helped enslaved Black people escape to freedom
## Footnote
It was not an actual railroad but a network of people and safe houses.
68
How many people fled to British North America along the Underground Railroad?
Between 30,000 and 40,000 people
## Footnote
Many of these escapees settled in Black communities in southern Canada West.
69
Who was Harriet Tubman?
A conductor on the Underground Railroad who helped guide escapees to Canada
## Footnote
Tubman made 19 missions and guided about 300 Black people to safety.
70
What was the impact of farming and the railroad on Canada West?
Increased farming and led to the growth of related industries
## Footnote
More factories began producing farm machinery to meet the demand.
71
What was the fate of the Mississauga of the Credit River in the mid-1800s?
They were forced to leave their village and farmland due to land auctions
## Footnote
The government refused to acknowledge their ownership of the land.
72
What did Dr. Karolyn Smardz Frost discover during her archaeological digs?
Found artifacts and the foundations of the Blackburns’ house
## Footnote
Her work helped piece together the Blackburns' story and their connection to the Underground Railroad.
73
What was the British public’s view on First Nations rights in the mid-1800s?
They believed First Nations should not be driven from their lands
## Footnote
This view contrasted with the Canadian government's treatment of First Nations.
74
What significant changes occurred after the construction of the railway?
Facilitated population growth and economic opportunities in Canada West
## Footnote
Both positive and negative impacts were felt by various groups.
75
What role did public archaeology play according to Dr. Frost?
It helps communities learn about their local history through excavations
## Footnote
Dr. Frost emphasized the importance of ordinary people's stories in history.
76
Fill in the blank: The _______ was a network that helped enslaved Black people escape to freedom.
Underground Railroad
77
True or False: The Orange Order was formed by Irish Catholics.
False
## Footnote
The Orange Order was formed by Irish Protestants.
78
What was the population ratio of First Nations to Europeans in the Northwest and Pacific Coast during the early to mid-1800s?
More than a hundred to one
## Footnote
In 1857, there were approximately 140,000 First Nations people and 10,000 people of European descent and Métis.
79
Define Métis.
An Aboriginal person descended from a First Nations mother and a father of European descent
80
What did Louis Goulet observe about the Red River colony?
A lack of unity and friendship among different races and religions due to newcomers sowing conflict
## Footnote
Goulet noted that newcomers were eager to create discord among groups.
81
What is Aboriginal title?
The legal recognition that a particular territory belongs to a specific First Nations group
82
When did Vancouver Island become a British colony?
1849
83
Who was the first governor of Vancouver Island?
James Douglas
84
What action did James Douglas take to protect First Nations during colonization?
He offered Aboriginal title to a small part of the island
85
What was the impact of the smallpox epidemic in British Columbia in 1862?
About one-third of infected persons died, with around 32,000 deaths in the colony's population
## Footnote
Almost all of the dead were First Nations people due to their vulnerable immune systems.
86
What disease was responsible for the epidemic in Fort Victoria in 1862?
Smallpox
87
What did James Douglas recommend to combat the smallpox epidemic?
Setting up a hospital and providing vaccinations for the public
88
What was a significant consequence of the Fraser River Gold Rush on First Nations?
Disruption of their lives and pollution of fishing waters
89
What was the population increase in British Columbia following the gold discovery in 1858?
From a few hundred to at least 30,000
90
What was one of the main industries that emerged after the gold rush?
Coal mining and lumber
91
What was the attitude of some British Columbians towards Chinese immigrants during the gold rush?
They were not welcomed into the community
92
What did Governor Douglas do to support Black Americans fleeing slavery?
Used government funds to bring them to the colony
93
What was the Fraser Canyon War?
Violent conflicts between First Nations and miners
94
What did I.W. Powell state about Douglas's policy on First Nations reserves?
No basis of acreage had been established, leaving land selection optional for the Indians
95
How did the end of the Reciprocity Treaty in 1865 affect British Columbia?
It led to heavy taxation on goods, impacting industries
96
What did the editorial in The Daily British Colonist suggest about the perspective on First Nations during the smallpox epidemic?
It reflected fear and prejudice towards First Nations people
97
What was one significant belief that led to prejudices against different cultural groups in British Columbia?
The belief that Chinese people were taking jobs away from white people
98
Fill in the blank: The smallpox epidemic in British Columbia killed about _______ of infected persons.
one-third
99
What were some questions historians ask to understand people of the past?
* What were the beliefs, values, perspectives, and motivations of people who lived at that time?
* How do those beliefs and values differ from today’s beliefs and values?
100
What did the painting by Paul Kane reveal about the Northwest's changes?
It depicted Hudson’s Bay Company post Fort Edmonton and a First Nations settlement
101
What factors led to the growth of cities in British North America during the mid-1800s?
Factors included:
* Abundant land
* Natural resources
* Immigration
* Economic opportunities
102
Which region in British North America experienced the greatest change during the mid-1800s?
The specific region is not identified in the text.
103
What is the significance of Canadien nationalism for more recent Canadian history?
The significance is not explicitly detailed in the text.
104
Explain how certain values and beliefs of the past led to prejudices toward different people.
Values and beliefs influenced perceptions and treatment of various groups.
105
True or False: Migrations of new settlers improved the quality of life for First Nations in British North America.
False
106
Identify two groups of people in British North America and list how they were similar and different.
Groups are not specified in the text.
107
What did the government commissioners in New Brunswick state about the Mi’kmaq?
They stated that the Mi’kmaq were 'not well adapted to become valuable settlers.'
108
How did the migrations of new settlers affect First Nations territories?
It forced First Nations off their territories in many regions.
109
List some characteristics of life in British North America during the mid-1800s.
Characteristics include:
* Diverse territories and colonies
* Challenges and opportunities
* Prosperity for some, poverty for others
110
Fill in the blank: The mid-1800s in British North America was characterized by _______.
[diverse groups of people and separate colonies]
111
What activities can learners engage in to summarize their learning from Chapter 1?
Activities include:
* Designing a flag for regions
* Creating a newscast script for interviews with new immigrants
112
What should be included in a log book for an editorial?
The log book should include:
* Details and evidence gathered
* Thoughts about inquiry questions
* Images and graphics
113
What is the purpose of a concept map or graphic organizer in understanding issues faced by different groups?
To record and visualize the issues facing different groups of people.
