History Test2 Terms and Events Flashcards
1
Q
Treaty of Paris
A
The treaty that ended the American Revolution
2
Q
Shay’s Rebellion
A
Daniel Shay from Massachusetts (a veteran) did not like how much he was being taxed (now a farmer) - did not like “taxation without representation; Led a rebellion that worried other states the same thing might occur in their state (each state held their own militia)
3
Q
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
A
Set up a process for how territories could become states
4
Q
Great Compromise
A
- larger states favored the Virginia Plan, which called for each state to have a different number of representatives based on the states population.
- Delegates from smaller states supported the New Jersey plan, where each state would send the same number of representatives to Congress.
- the compromise was: Roger Sherman proposed a “bicameral,” or two-chambered Congress, made up of a Senate and a House of Representatives. Each state would send an equal number of representatives to the Senate, and one representative to the House for each 30,000 residents of the state.
5
Q
3/5 Compromise
A
- slave states wanted to count slaves for representation and Free states did not want those votes included (because most slaves would vote in accordance to their master’s request)
- the 3/5 compromise stated that “3 persons counted for every 5 slave” - so 5 slaves who voted will count as 3 votes
6
Q
Establishment & Free Exercise Clauses
A
- The Establishment Clause is the first of several pronouncements in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, stating, “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion,…”
- Was written by Fisher Ames in 1789, become the amendments comprising the Bill of Rights.
- This clause is immediately followed by the Free Exercise Clause, which states:”or prohibiting the free exercise thereof”
- The Establishment Clause is a limitation on the United States Congress preventing it from passing legislation regarding religion.
- The Establishment Clause prohibits Congress from preferring or elevating one religion over another, but does not prohibit the government’s entry into religious domain to make accommodations for religious observances and practices in order to achieve the purposes of the Free Exercise Clause.
7
Q
The Federalist Papers
A
Essays and Articles (annnoymously) created by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay to convince New York to pass The Constitution
8
Q
Why some opposed Constitution
A
- known as anti-federalists,believed the Constitution would make the national government too powerful.
- But mostly objected that the document did not contain a bill of rights, which would guarantee citizens certain privileges that the government could never take away from them.
9
Q
Bank of the United States
A
- The Government’s growing debt due to the war, Washington agree to the creation of a National bank
(most debt was within the country, money borrowed from citizens) - this way citizens that was owed money was given a bond with interest
- All Federal Government’s money was put into this bank
- Jefferson opposed the bank, so to negotiate, the Capitol was built in the south in exchange for Hamilton’s national Bank
10
Q
Strict and Loss construction
A
- Strict construction thought that that the government should only have powers that were expressly stated in the constitution.
- Loose is the opposite. The government could use “implied” powers, that weren’t necessarily written word for word in the constitution. These people wanted a stronger national government with more power.
- Involved the creation of Political parties, (in which Washington did not agree with) but became evident in his Cabinet - Jefferson (south: Democratic-Republican) and Hamilton (north: Federalist)
11
Q
Whiskey Rebellion
A
- Tax on Whiskey was extremely high (its purpose was to pay Government Debt and pay the President’s Salary
- Whiskey was very important in the frontier (used as a form of $)
- they began killing tax collectors and burning their buildings
- Washington had to get on his horse and led 15,000 troops to stop the rebellion
- he arrested the ring leaders for treason and were sentenced to death - but Washington pardoned them
12
Q
Jay’s Treaty
A
- 1794 Treaty between U.S. and Britian to avoid war and Improve trade (Washington thought it was a great idea; Jefferson and Madison opposed)
13
Q
Washington’s Farewell Adress
A
- avoid sectional divisions between north and south or east and west
- void “party spirit”
- religion and morality “indispensable”
- Promote Education
- Avoid Debt
- “steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign word (meant military alliances; trade was ok)
14
Q
XYZ Affair
A
- During John Adam’s presidency, he sent 3 Americans to negotiate with 3 French men to settle the issue of them disrespecting our ships on the high sea
- the Americans came back stating that the French agreed to stop only if we 1. loan them $10 million and 2. a gift to Talleyrand of $250,000 (a bribe)
- Jefferson didn’t believe the story so Adams had this story published in the papers which became known a the XYZ affair (in relation to the 3 french men)
15
Q
Quasi-War
A
- 3 years, war with the French (shooting at each other’s ship, but technically really not a war)
- US constitution ‘old iron side’ (popular ship)
- Adams begin setting up an army (asked Washington to be leader)
16
Q
Alien & Sedition Acts
A
Alien: Due to the enormous amount of French people residing in America, Adams pass this act allowing him the control of aliens; if he felt any to be a threat he can detain them
Sedition: Adams made it a criminal crime to slander/publicize any negative false or malicious comments opposing the president or Government
17
Q
Kentucky and Virginia resolution
A
Due to many states opposing the Alien & Sedition Act, Adams went to Kentucky and Virginia convincing them to pass a resolution stating they will NOT violate the Alien and sedition act
18
Q
War with Tripoli
A
Thomas Jefferson begins cutting back on Military and repeals the whisky tax to reduce cost, only to discover the Federal Government has been paying eastern pirates to stay away
- we had to send the marines to rescue american hostages
19
Q
Louisiana Purchase
A
Napoleon (ruler of France and much of Europe by 1800) got back the Louisiana territory from spain (he conquered spain and appointed his brother King, then took that land from Spain)
- 1802 representatives were sent to negotiate with Napoleon to purchase New Orleans (2million was our max)
- Napoleon negotiated that for 15million he would sell the entire Indiana territory which we ended up buying in 1803
- ends up being 3cents an acre and was sold $1 an acre to the people
20
Q
Embargo of 1807
A
One of Jefferson’s worst accomplishment; in order to avoid conflicts between Britain and France’s fued, Jefferson stops trade with both of them (which ends up hurting the economy)
21
Q
Impressment
A
During James Madison’s presidency, Britain attacking our ships taking not only cargo but people as well - anybody who had a British name was kidnapped and placed into the British army (took an estimated 10,000 people)
22
Q
War Hawks
A
Western states were pushing the Government to come to some resolution with Britain because they assumed the British were the cause of the battle of Tippecanoe (led by Tecumesh) - which technically was not true
- there was pressure on Madison to declare war
- June 1812, it finally went to the House of Representative with a vote of 79-49; and Congress with a vot of 19-13
23
Q
Burning of Washington DC
A
- Northern Canada was ruled by Britain and there was a battle on the border, where afterwards, some Americans burned the Canadian Parliament
- This led to the British invading Washington and burning most of it to the ground including the white house
24
Q
Fort McHenry & Star Spangled Banner
A
After the burning of Washington, British soldiers went back tot their ships and attacked Baltimore
- The cannon shootings from British Ships and Americans on land at Fort Mchenry continued all night
- Upon the British ships was captive Francis Scott Key who witness the skies full of cannon shots and knew that in the morning if the American flag was still up, he understood we had not surrendered - he was released the next day and went home to write the words of the star spangled banner
25
Battle of Horseshoe Bend
After the Battle at Fort Mchenry, the british decided to attack the south (New Orleans) where Andrew Jackson was asked to put together an army and move south
- Upon gather soldiers from Tennessee and Kentucky they began their journey south where they run into the Creek Indians (also allies with Britian)
- Jackson victors and the Indians were force to sign a treaty for us to have some of their land
26
Battle of New Orleans
- Andrew Jackson's army of 5,000 Tennessee, Kentucky, and New Orleans random soldiers defeat the large British troops (increased because British had just defeated Napoleon and sent the rest of the troops to fight this battle)
- British suffered 2,000 casualties and U.S. 13 killed and 39 wounded
27
Treaty of Ghent
A treaty signed by Britian shortly before the Battle of New Orleans, unfortunately no one knew of it because news travel so slowed
28
Hartford Convention
Occurred during the same time as the Battle of New Orleans and Treaty of Ghent; Delegates in New England met to talk about how disgusted they were with the war (assumed we were losing)
- All Federalist (26 delegates) demanded amendments to the constitution:
1. abolish the 3/5 law
2. President can only serve 1 term
3. Presidents could not be back to back from the same state
4. constitution changed to where 2/3 of the majority is needed to declare war
! made it known that if these needs were not met, a secession would evolve (leaving to start a new nation)
- unfortunately they did not know of the win in New Orleans and the signing of the peace treaty; they looked like traitors - thus the Federalist Dissipates
29
Era of Good Feelings
During James Monroe's presidency; after the war there was fewer political parties (and no wars)
30
Cotton Gin
Invented by Eli Whitney in 1792; allowed cotton to be separated from its shell faster
31
Monroe Doctrine
Written by secretary of state, John Quincy Adams, and passed by James Monroe; A statement representing that Europe kept of our land (including central and south america- although most had already declared independence)
32
Missouri Compromise
- Missouri allowed to become a state but must be a slave free state; this upset a lot of southern state
- this gets to the Senate but it could not pass due to a tie (11 free state and 11 slave state)
- the compromise(held for 30 years) was:
1. Missouri will be allow in as a slave state
2. however, to maintain balance, a free state must be formed at the same time (states will come in 2 at a time); Main was admitted with Missouri
3. a line drawn at 36`30" parallel (right above Missouri- the rest of the Louisiana purchase) will have to be free states
33
Election of 1824
between John Quincy Adams (Massachusetts), Andrew Jackson (Tennessee), and Henry Clay (Kentucky, also speaker for the house of representative
- There was no majority, so it went to the house of representative where each state gets one vote
- there was still no majority, in which Henry Clay becomes the breaker (he hated Jackson, therefore convinced his people to vote for Quincy
- After Quincy wins, Henry Clay was appointed secretary of state in which Jackson called "the corrupt Bargain"
34
Tariff of Abominations
- The major goal was to protect industries in the north being driven out of business by low-priced imported goods by taxing them.
- The South was harmed directly by having to pay higher prices on goods the region did not produce
- Foreign countries began taxing american goods too which led to a less import on cotton (south)
35
La Amistad
- the ship carrying slaves heading to cuba from africa
- there was mutiny and the slaves demanded to be return to africa
- they landed on America instead, Quincy Adams (after his presidency, now congress man) represented the slaves in which the US Supreme court ruled ruled that the Mende had been illegally transported and held as slaves, and ordered them freed
36
Nullification
- During Andrew Jackson's presidency, John Calhoun (vice president) and the people assumed before he was elected that he would lower the tariff
- he did not, which upset Calhoun who was very loyal to south carolina; he threaten to nullify (ignore) the tariff and discontinue collecting taxes on import goods
- Both threaten militia duel; Calhoun with carolina militia and Jackson with the federal government's military
- Congress under the leader of Henry Clay steps in and suggest to lower the tariff to maintain peace
37
Indian Removal Policy (trail of tears)
- congress pass law aimed at convincing the Indians at east Mississippi to move west (would be given land and not bothered again by Americans)
- even though the 5 civilized tribe started adapting to american ways to avoid losing their land, they were force to migrate west
- thus came the 'trial of tears" indians migrating west with bad weather condition during the winter caused many to die and was buried on the side of the road
38
2nd bank of the united states
bank wars?
