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History > History Timeline > Flashcards

History Timeline Flashcards

1
Q

When was WW1

A

1914 - 1918

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2
Q

Consequences of WW1

A
  • British naval blockade -> food shortages
  • Spanish flu (more killed by this than WW1)
  • kaiser abdicates and flees to Holland (1918)
  • council of People’s representatives set up (1918)
  • League of Nations set up (excluding Germany and USSR)
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3
Q

When was the treaty of Versailles?

A

1919

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4
Q

What were the events of the treaty of Versailles?

A
  • Germany didn’t attend the talks, they only signed contracts
  • Germany’s troops were reduced to only 100 000 men
  • kaiser abdicates and flees to Holland in 1918
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5
Q

Consequences of the treaty of Versailles?

A
  • Germany had to take sole blame for WW1 (article 231)
  • Germany had to pay reparations - bill came to around £6.6 million
  • German people had to pay higher taxes
  • rumours that Germany could’ve won had the war lasted longer spread -> looking for someone to blame
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6
Q

When was the spartacist revolt?

A

1919

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7
Q

Aims of the spartacist revolt (1919)

A
  • workers wanted equal treatment and a more socialist society
  • to overcome poverty
  • doesn’t want to become a political party
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8
Q

Events of spartacist revolt

A
  • Rosa Luxembourg and Karl liebknecht appointed as leaders
  • occupied newspaper offices, took over phone exchanges and tried to cause a general strike in Berlin
  • friekorps (ex-military) sent to Berlin by government, Rosa and Karl both shot
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9
Q

When was the Kapp Putsch

A

1920

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10
Q

Aims of the Kapp Putsch

A
  • to overthrow treaty of Versailles

- to overthrow Weimar government and replace with Kapp

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11
Q

Events of Kapp Putsch

A
  • friekorps (ex-military) joined forces with Kapp, refused to help government
  • Ebert (president) called for a strike - no phone lines, transport, electricty, etc.
  • rebellion came to a halt
  • Kapp fled to Sweden
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12
Q

When was the french invasion of the Ruhr?

A

1923

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13
Q

Causes of the french invasion of the Ruhr?

A
  • reparations had doubled by 1922 as Germany default on payments (didn’t pay)
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14
Q

Events of french invasion of the ruhr

A
  • France entered the Ruhr to take reparations in the form of coal
  • Weimar government tell their workers to not mine coal - passive resistance
  • France end up mining the coal themselves
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15
Q

When was the hyperinflation crisis?

A

1922 - 1923

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16
Q

Events of hyperinflation crisis

A
  • Weimar government printed more and more money to pay workers and hand rising prices = hyperinflation
  • left Weimar open to a lot of criticism
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17
Q

Impacts of hyperinflation

A
  • January 1923 : price of bread -> 3465 marks
  • November 1923: price of bread -> 201 000 000 000 marks
  • poor people suffered - lack of basic products
  • middle class lost savings and investments
  • pensions became worthless, retired suffered immensely
  • some used opportunity to pay off debts
  • farmers benefited, provided there was a good harvest (they could still produce food)
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18
Q

When was the Munich Putsch?

A

1923

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19
Q

Causes of the Munich Putsch

A
  • Hitler wanted to gain support
  • the hyperinflation crisis had made Weimar look weak and incompetent, in comparison o the Nazi party (one leader, big SA)
  • Munich located in Bavaria, very right wing, more likely to get support
  • head of Bavarian government hated Weimar
  • 20 000 Nazi party members
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20
Q

Events of the Munich Putsch

A
  • Hitler storms beer hall and fires gunshot - designed to intimidate
  • Kahr and von Lossow forced to support Hitler’s plan of marching into Berlin, also swore loyalty to Putsch
  • Kahr and Lossow went back on their word after Ebert declared a state of emergency
  • Hitler kept going - 2000 Nazis + supporters March into Munich but are stopped by police. 14 Nazis killed
  • Hitler arrested 11th November
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21
Q

Consequences of Munich Putsch

A
  • Hitler used his trial as propaganda. He was allowed to make speeches by the judge, which were then spread by newspapers. Gave him somewhat of a celebrity status and brought attention to the Nazi party which was still small at the time
  • Hitler changed his tactics. As forcefulness didn’t work, he decided to use democratic means instead and become voted in
  • Hitler spent 9 months in prison where he was allowed visitors. Shared prison with Rudolf Hess, who typed up ‘Mein Kampf’ for Hitler.
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22
Q

When was Streseman’s foreign policy?

A

1924 - 1928

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23
Q

What was Streseman’s foreign policy?

A
  • Streseman is made foreign secretary in 1924

- introduces a new currency (the retenmark) and controlled amount of money produced. Currency is now stabilised.

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24
Q

When was the Dawes Plan?

A

1924

25
Q

What is the Dawes plan?

A
  • USA would loan money to Germany (approx. 800 million gold marks)
  • this money would be put into the German industry, profits would be made and the reparations would be paid
  • brilliant in the short terms however not so good in the long term as USA pulled out during Great Depression
26
Q

Reparations negotiation

A
  • reparations were renegotiated to make them possible to pay

- french happy + withdrew from Ruhr

27
Q

When was the Locarno Pact?

A

1925

28
Q

What was the Locarno pact?

A
  • guaranteed Germany’s western borders and promised to only use force if attacked
  • Germany acknowledges Alsace-Lorraine belongs to France. France agree to not re-enter the Ruhr
  • This pact calmed some tensions and potentially paved the way for renegotiating Versailles. However, the nationalists hated it.
29
Q

When did Germany join the League of Nations?

A

1926

30
Q

Germany joining the League of Nations

A
  • until now, it consisted of Britain, France, Japan and Italy
  • in 1926 Germany joined as a permanent member
  • involved in world affairs, could engage in negotiations, etc
  • once again, nationalists hated this plan however it meant Germany was seen as an equal
31
Q

When was the Kellog-Brian’s pact?

A

1928

32
Q

Kellog - Brian’s pact

A
  • 62 countries signed in total including US, Britain, France and Germany
  • promised to solve disputes diplomatically
  • Germany are more respected and not so isolated
  • Weimar have gained confidence
33
Q

Did the German economy recover?

A
  • industrial output doubled between 1924 - 29, higher employment
  • wages increased
  • Living standards better
  • increase in cultural activities - Art Deco movement and cabaret culture
  • Weimar popular among women especially as it gave them more freedom
  • people could spend money on what they wished and enjoy life - also meant they were less likely to vote for a radical political party
34
Q

When was the Great Depression?

A

1929

35
Q

Events of the Great Depression?

A
  • there was a market crash in New York which led to the Great Depression
  • America recalled the loans agreed through Dawes plan, causing many German businesses to collapse
  • production fell by 25% and investments by 15%
  • world trade halved
  • speculation on whether communism would be the best option as capitalism was proving to be inefficient
36
Q

Consequences of Great Depression

A
  • second German economic crisis within a decade - people losing faith in the government
  • 1932 - 6 million germans unemployed
  • thousands of businesses forced to close
  • 1932 - five German banks crashed - middle class lost savings and investments
  • 1933 - 50% of 16-30 year olds unemployed, 40% of factory workers unemployed
37
Q

What was the Bruning policy

A
  • increased taxes
  • reduced government expenditure
  • high tariffs on foreign agricultural products
  • salaries and unemployment benefits cut
  • unemployment skyrocketed and standard of living dropped
  • needless to say this policy was not popular and did more harm than good
38
Q

How did hitler use the handling of depression to his advantage?

A
  • hitler could use all of this to criticise Weimar - he himself had nothing to do with this as he was in prison
  • the higher the number of unemployed, the higher the number of people who voted Nazis
  • absorbed some unemployment into the SA - good for the young
  • set up soup kitchens manned by SA
  • strength and organisation of the SA in a time of crisis made the Nazis look well put together and efficient
  • opportunity to display anti -semitism
39
Q

When did Hitler’s rise to power begin?

A

1933

40
Q

Failure of Weimar politicians

A
  • Streseman died in 1929
  • subsequent leaders handled Great Depression badly
  • coalition between the centre party and the socialists doesn’t work
  • brining becomes chancellor, German people started to lose faith again as he didn’t have a majority
  • not democratic - article 48 had to be used to pass laws
  • bruning earned the nickname ‘hunger chancellor’
  • Bruning’s unpopularity led to people voting for more extreme parties
41
Q

Hitler’s appeal and propaganda

A
  • good at scapegoating (jews, communist, weimar)
  • charismatic, good orator
  • had funding from large companies for campaigning
  • Führer flights - used aircraft to move from place to place to speak to the crowds personally
  • powerful propaganda was used - SA parades, posters, speeches, rallies etc.
  • organised, controlled, popular - huge contrast to Weimar
42
Q

Political intrigue

A
  • July 1932 37% of reichstag seats are won by the Nazis
  • Brüning’s position as chancellor is taken over by Kurt von Schleicher ( lasts one month) - German people start to realise ridiculousness government very quickly
  • November 1932 election Nazi votes drop to 32% however they remain the majority
  • Von Papen is suggested as next chancellor instead of Hitler, however he allows Hitler into his coalition thinking he would be easy to control
  • Von Papen is unsuccessful and replaced by Von Schleicher
  • January 1933 industrialists write to Hindenburg suggesting Hitler as chancellor; at the same time von schleicher’s reputation was suffering as he had suggested a military dictatorship which had been leaked to the press
  • Hindenburg is still suspicious so he makes hitler chancellor and von paper vice chancellor so that he could control hitler
  • he only allowed 2 other nazis in the cabinet so they could always be outvoted
  • hitler becomes chancellor on 30th January
43
Q

Methods of consolidation of power

A
  • legal methods - votes
  • propaganda
  • force and terror
44
Q

Reichstag fire

A
  • February 1933
  • hitler had been in power for one month
  • a dutch communist Marius van der Lubbe was found near the building with a box of matches in his pocket
  • confessed immediately and claimed he acted alone
  • executed
45
Q

consequences of reichstag

A
  • 4000 communists were arrested that night and sent to Dachau
  • creates the ‘Law for the Protection of People and State’
  • entailed : - police could search houses without a warrant
    - police could arrest someone without a trial
    - political party meetings could be banned
    - nazis closed all newspaper down except for their own
  • gave nazis complete control over flow of information
  • holds election on 5th march, only gets 43% of seats In Reichstag
46
Q

When was the Enabling act?

A

1933

47
Q

events of enabling act

A
  • allowed hitler to make any laws without consulting the Reichstag or Hindenburg
  • Catholics supported this as long as their church was maintained
  • nationalists supported the nazis
  • communists were in prison
  • only socialists voted against it
48
Q

consequences of enabling act

A
  • January 1934 closed down 18 state parliaments
  • nazis break into trade union offices, take their funds and close them down
  • replaces them with nazi ones
  • may 1933 suspense social democrats
  • may 1933 suspends communist parties
  • by July all parties except nazis are banned
49
Q

When was the Night of the long knives?

A

1934

50
Q

causes of the night of the long knives

A
  • SA was too powerful, could overthrow Hitler
  • army suspicious of SA, hitler needed army’s support for foreign policy
  • rohm (leader of SA) was gay, contradicted Aryanism
  • Himmler (runs SS) wanted to get rid of more numerous SA and raise status of SS
51
Q

events of the night of the long knives

A
  • 200 leaders of SA arrested and many executed
  • other enemies also removed ( von Kahr, and von Schliecher)
  • public told rohm was planning a coup to overthrow government; hitler was supposedly ‘saving’ Germany
  • rohm executed in prison
52
Q

consequences of the night of the long knives

A
  • army takes an oath of loyalty to hitler - gratitude, good for future foreign policy - makes hitler more powerful
  • SA remains a paramilitary organisation but they are subordinate to the SS. they never have the power they had in 1933 again
  • reaction from people - SA felt weekend while SS felt stronger as they had proved their loyalty
  • hitler is pleased
  • opponents are terrified
  • supporters pleased, nazi strength
53
Q

Life in Germany: use of terror

A
  • two types of police - ordinary and race
  • security police (gestapo) secret police - used for spying on people
  • normal courts were biased and very right wing
  • elite army unit for use against non-aryan racial groups
  • this police system left little room for opposition as you never knew who might be a member of the secret police. If you tried to oppose or rebel in an way, you might have been put in prison
  • people would volunteer to spy and gather information in more local areas such as clocks of flats and even floors
54
Q

Life in Germany: propaganda

A
  • goebbels was the head
  • mass events such as marchers and rallies took place (nuremberg was famous for this, in 1938, 500 000 people attended)
  • posters, radio broadcasts, loud speakers, cinemas, books/plays/ scripts, newspapers
  • designed to suit a wide range of people
55
Q

common themes of propaganda

A
  • stereotypes, such as anti-semitism, communism
  • aryanism, tall, strong
  • hitler - paternal, loved, always depicted in uniform
  • nationalist/ patriotic/ hardworking
  • repeated symbols
56
Q

Nazi policies - education

A
  • history - glorified Germany, selective memory
  • geography - army related, map reading
  • maths - engineers army related, weaponry
  • pe - war fitness, aryan ideals (survival of the fittest)
  • German language- chose texts that glorified Germany
  • biology - links back to aryanism
  • eugenics - genetics, linked to biology
  • Domestic science (for girls)-sewing, cooking, motherhood
    Not taught:
  • R.E-God was seen as a competitor to Hitler + conflicting ideology
  • Physics-Einstein was Jewish
  • Languages (apart from German)-patriotic
57
Q

Hitler youth movements

A

Aims:

  • Obey the state and worship Hitler
  • Help the nation-defence, public works, etc
  • Loyalty
  • Understand Nazi ideology
  • Two sections: For boys between 10-14 there was the ‘Young German Folk’, for boys between 14-18 there was the ‘Hitler Youth’
  • For girls between 10-14, there was the ‘German Young Girls’, for girls between 14-18, there was the ‘League of German maidens’
  • All wore uniforms, designed to look like young version of SA
  • Passersby would have to give the ‘Heil Hitler’ salute if you were wearing uniform
  • Activities included hiking, camping, singing, drills, assault courses, lectures, and sports activities according to gender
  • Popular at the beginning, appealing and free of charge
  • Over time however it started to become a brainwashing technique and the appeal ran dry
  • Naturally not everyone wanted to attend in the first place, some worried about consequences, others about safety factors (dark, etc)
  • Aimed to teach children that obeying a higher power is normal, discouraged independent thinking
  • By 1936 these youth groups became compulsory, membership hits 8 million by 1939
58
Q

Hitler’s opposition

A
  • swing movement - dressed differently ( e.g. girls wore trousers and makeup), played music (swing in particular)
  • edelweiss pirates - formed from working class/urban teenagers who came up with their own names depending on religion
  • mocked hitler youth and had more liberal attitudes
  • in 1942 the gestapo broke up 28 groups and contained 739 young people
  • by 1944 this opposition was becoming more active. youth groups began to spread anti - nazi messages, help jews and shelter and deserts
  • 1944, 12 ringleaders were hung in cologne
  • the white rose group:
  • Hans and Sophie scholl, two university students, became concerned about the treatment of jews and eastern - europeans
  • they wrote a series of leaflets attacking nazi policy and Sophie pushed them off the top of Munich university
  • tis was witnessed by a caretaker and she was arrested by the gestapo along with several others
  • Hans and Sophie were tortured to find out other identities of white rose group
59
Q

women

A
  • nazis believed women played a crucial role in aryan ideals - needed a domestic role
  • wanted women to believe in nazi ideology so they could pass it on to their children
  • nazis didn’t view women as less than men, they simply had a different role
  • hitler believed in the three ‘K’s - something that the ideal nazi woman should have:
  • Kinder - children
  • Kuche - cooking
  • Kirche - church
  • as the nazis came into power, rates of employed women were very high
  • families were getting smaller due to contraception which didn’t fit nazi ideals

History (4 decks)

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