History timelines overall AA Flashcards
(16 cards)
1
Q
1865 - 1896
A
- 1865 - 13th amendment - Slavery abolished.
- 1868 -14th amendment - Citizenship guaranteed for all races.
- 1870 - 15th amendment - Voting rights guaranteed for all races.
- 1890 - 1910 - Jim Crow laws in southern states - Enforced segregation.
- 1896 - Plessy v Ferguson - Ruled that ‘separate but equal’ facilities were constitutional.
2
Q
1909- 1946
A
- 1909 - NAACP - Founded with the aim of fighting racial discrimination by providing legal support for black citizens opposing segregation through the courts.
- 1942 - CORE - Created to fight for equality for black Americans. Organised sit-ins during the war.
- 1944 - Smith v Allwright - Abolished the Texas white primary.
- 1946 - Morgan v Virginia - Segregation banned on interstate travel.
3
Q
1953 - 1955
A
- 1953 - UDL Baton Rouge bus boycott
- 1953 - Policy of Termination begins - Returned Native American reservation land to local governments.
- 1954 - Brown v Board of Education, Topeka - Segregation in education banned.
- 1955 - Brown II - Desegregation of education should proceed ‘with all deliberate speed’.
- 1955 - Emmett Till lynched.
3
Q
1947 - 1951
A
- 1947 - CORE’s Journey of Reconciliation
- 1947 - To Secure These Rights - Report produced by Truman’s civil rights committee: recommended elimination of segregation.
- 1948 - Truman ends segregation in the armed forces and creates a Fair Employment Board.
- 1950 - Sweatt v Painter - Ruled that graduate education provision should be equal.
- 1951 - Committee on Government Contract Compliance (CGCC) established - Intended to ensure that government defence contracts did not go to companies that discriminated on the grounds of race.
4
Q
1956 - 1957
A
- 1956 - Montgomery Bus Boycott - Protest against segregation on town buses. MIA founded to co-ordinate the protest.
- 1956 - Browder v Gayle - Ends segregation on buses.
- 1957 - SCLC founded - Aimed to widen participation in civil rights movement; did not take individual members.
- 1957 - Little Rock protest - NAACP test the Brown and Brown II rulings.
- 1957 - Eisenhower’s First Civil Rights Act - Intended to increase black voting, but is watered down so much it achieves little.
5
Q
1960
A
- Greensboro’ sit-ins - Protests against segregation of public places.
- SNCC founded - Student-led organisation to co-ordinate protests.
- National Indian Youth Council (NIYC) founded
- Boynton v Virginia - Desegregated inter-state bus terminals.
- Eisenhower’s Second Civil Rights Act - Intended to increase black voting, but again it is watered down so much it achieves little.
6
Q
1962 - 63
A
- 1962 - James Meredith enrols at the University of Mississippi - His attempt meets with violent white protests, but the university was forced to desegregate its campus
- 1963 - Feminine Mystique published - Betty Friedan’s book argued for an end to sexual discrimination, particularly in the workplace.
- 1963 - Birmingham Campaign - SCLC campaign to achieve desegregation. Widely seen as a success.
1963 - March on Washington - March attended by 250,000 mixed-race campaigners. Martin Luther King delivered his ‘I Have A Dream’ speech.
6
Q
1961
A
- Kennedy creates the President’s Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity - Aimed to end racial discrimination by the federal government.
- Freedom Rides - Protest organised by CORE to test inter-state transport rulings.
- Albany Campaign begins - Protest designed to encourage black voter registration, and to fight for desegregation. Widely seen as a failure. NAACP, SCLC, SNCC and Martin Luther King take part.
7
Q
1964
A
- Civil Rights Act - Outlawed segregation and made the Fair Employment Practices Commission permanent.
- Mississippi Freedom Summer - SNCC-organised campaign to increase voter registration in Mississippi. Created the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party as an alternative to the Democratic Party to provide blacks with political representation. Met with resistance from the Democratic Party.
- MLK receives Nobel peace prize
- Malcolm X set up the Organisation for Afro-American Unity (OAAU).
8
Q
1965
A
- Selma Campaign - Campaign led by Martin Luther King to encourage black voter registration in Selma.
- Social Security Act - Provided state-funded healthcare to all Americans who received state welfare.
- The Elementary and Secondary Education Act & the Higher Education Act - Increased funding for education provision in poorer states: led to a four-fold increase in the number of black college students by 1975
- National Advisory Council on Indian Education founded. - Aimed to increase literacy rates among Native Americans.
- Voting Rights Act - Abolished literacy tests and any measures designed to prevent black people from voting.
- Moynihan Report - A report, commissioned by Johnson, into black social conditions: revealed high social problems.
- Malcolm X assassinated
- Los Angeles (Watts) riots -A member of the black community was arrested for drink-driving: large-scale riots resulted.
9
Q
1966
A
- Black Panther Party founded - Published the Ten-Point Programme and launched the Patrol the Pigs campaign.
- Chicago Campaign - Martin Luther King and SCLC led campaign to attack segregation in housing: widely seen as a failure.
- Stokeley Carmichael becomes leader of SNCC and signalled the start of SNCC’s radicalisation.
- March Against Fear - SNCC-led march through the southern states.
- Policy of Termination ended.
- SNCC embraces self-defence and expels white members.
10
Q
1967
A
- Weeks v Southern Bell - First successful prosecution of sexual discrimination in the workplace.
- Indian Resources Development Act - Allowed Native American tribes to sell and mortgage their land.
- Executive Order 11375 - Outlawed sexual discrimination in companies working for the government.
11
Q
1968
A
- Black Panthers launch survival programmes.
- Memphis Sanitation Workers’ Strike
- Martin Luther King assassinated.
- CORE expels white members.
- Fair Housing Act - Outlawed racial discrimination when renting or selling property.
12
Q
1973 - 78
A
- Roe Vs Wade - 1973 - Effectively legalises Abortion in the USA
- 1975 - California Agricultural Labor Relations Act passed - Gave agricultural unions legal rights including UFW
- 1978 - Bakke v University of California - Ambiguous Supreme Court judgement, approving affirmative action in principle but banning quotas
13
Q
1981 - 87
A
- 1981 - Reagan took over as President PATCO strike - Federal govt. policy became less sympathetic to AAs, women, NAs & workers Decisive defeat for union power
- 1984 - Grove City v Bell - Supreme Court judgement making it easier for schools to evade CR legislation
- 1986 - Appointment of William Rehnquist as Chief Justice - This made Supreme Court more conservative & less sympathetic to CR
- 1987 - Civil Rights Restoration Act - Democrat controlled Congress reversed Grove City v Bell, insisting on full compliance; Reagan tried to veto this but Congress overrode his veto
14
Q
1989 - 1992
A
- 1989 - George Bush Snr took over as President - Federal govt. continued to follow right wing Republican policies similar to Reagan’s
- 1990 - Congress passed Civil Rights Act but Bush vetoed it - Congress wanted to make it easier for victims of discrimination in employment to sue their employers; Bush vetoed it & Congress tried but failed to override his vet
- 1991 - Congress passed diluted version of 1990 Act Rodney King beating - Bush accepted this
- 1992 - Riot in Los Angeles Freeman v Pitts - Provoked by acquittal of policemen who beat King Supreme Court decision which had the effect of allowing local authorities to tolerate de facto school segregation.
