Histotechnique by DOC LANGCAMON

Question 1

3 major classification of staining

Answer 1

1. Histological Staining
2. Histochemical staining
3. Immunohistochemical staining

Question 2

tissue constituents are demonstrated in sections by direct interaction with a dye or staining solution, producing colors of the active tissue component

Answer 2

Histological staining

Question 3

Examples of histological staining

Answer 3

Microanatomical
Bacterial
Specific tissue stain

Question 4

Used to demonstrate general relationship of tissues and cells with differentiation of nucleus and cytoplasm

Answer 4

Histological staining

Question 5

serves a substrate upon which the enzymes act and where the final coloration is peoduced

Answer 5

Active staining reagent

Question 6

Tissue components identified in histochemical staining and give examples of the stain used

Answer 6

Calcium
Bile pigments
Biopolymers
Specific enzymes- oxidase, peroxidase, dehydrogenase, diaphorase, hydrolase, lyase

Perls Prussian blue
Periodic Acid Schiff

Question 7

Demonstrates ferric iron in tissues

Answer 7

Perls Prussian Blue

Question 8

Uses a wide range of monoclonal, polyclonal fluorescent labeled or enzyme labeled antibodies based on antigen-antibody bindings

Answer 8

Immunohistochemal staining

Question 9

Antibody most frequently originate from

Answer 9

Mice

Question 10

Fixative for IHC:
Maximum___ neutral buffered formaldehyde solution
Maximum___hours fixation time

Answer 10

•4%
•48 hours

Question 11

Example of simple staining/ direct staining

Answer 11

Methylene blue and eosin

Question 12

serve as a link or bridge to make staining reaction possible

Answer 12

Mordant

Question 13

no washing/ differentiation/ decolorization in between is required; solely relies on the selective affinity of dyes

Answer 13

Progressive staining

Question 14

The tissue is over-stained and excess dye is then removed until desired intensity is obtained

Answer 14

Regressive staining

Question 15

Example of regressive staining

Answer 15

AFB/ GRAM STAINING

Question 16

2 examples of accentuator

Answer 16

Potassium hydroxide (loefflers methylene blue) and Phenol (carbolfuschin)

Question 17

2 principles of regressive staining

Answer 17

•OVERSTAINING

•WASHING, DIFFERENTIATION, DECOLORIZATION

Question 18

Use of specific dyes that stains tissues with a color that is different from that of the stain color itself

Answer 18

Metachromatic staining

Question 19

Metachromatic staining is used for staining of: (5)

Answer 19

CECAM
•Cartilage
•Epithelial mucins
•Connective tissue
•Amyloid
•Mast Cell granules

Question 20

Basic dyes belonging to Thizine and triphenylmethane groups

Answer 20

Metachromatic dye

Question 21

One example of metachromatic dye

Answer 21

Cresyl blue for reticulytes

Question 22

Applying different color or stain to provide contrast and background to the staining of the structural components to visualized

Answer 22

Counterstaining

Question 23

One example of counterstaining

Answer 23

EOSIN- CYTOPLASM

Question 24

Selective staining of living cell constituents, demonstrating cytoplasmic structures by phagocytosis of the dye particle

Answer 24

Vital staining

Question 25

2 Examples of vital staining

Answer 25

Trypan blue- RES Janus Green B- true vital staining of mitochondria

Question 26

Injecting dye into any part of animal body either intravenous,intra peritoneal, intramuscular or subcutaneous producing specific coloration of certain cells, particularly those of the RES

Answer 26

INTRAVITAL STAINING

Question 27

Common dyes user for intravital staining (3):

Answer 27

•CARMINE •INDIA INK •LITHIUM

Question 28

Stain living cells immediately after removal from the living body

Answer 28

Supravital staining

Question 29

One example of Supravital staining

Answer 29

Neutral red- the best vital dye

Question 30

Use of heavy metals which are precipitated with selectivity of certain cellular and tissue componnta

Answer 30

Metallic impregnation

Question 31

2 examples of metallic impregnation

Answer 31

Silver Nitrate and Osmium tetroxide

Question 32

Differs from staining cause it consists of an opaque black particulate

Answer 32

Metallic impregnation

Question 33

Dye obtained from plants and animals previously utilized for dyeing of wool and cotton

Answer 33

Natural dyes

Question 34

4 examples of Natural dyes

Answer 34

HOCS Hematoxylin Orcein Cochineal Saffron

Question 35

Most important and commonly used for routine histologic studies

Answer 35

Hematoxylin

Question 36

_______ a dye extracted from lichens which are normally colorless, but when treated with _____ and expose to _____, produce ___ or ____ colors. Mainly used for _____ fibers

Answer 36

Orcein, ammonia, air, blue, violet, elastic

Question 37

An old histologic dye extracted from the female cochineal bug

Answer 37

Cochineal

Question 38

Cochineal bug is also named as?

Answer 38

Coccus cacti

Question 39

A plant with orange stigmas yielding a dye

Answer 39

Saffron

Question 40

Known as “coal tar dyes”

Answer 40

Synthetic dyes

Question 41

Derived from hydrocarbon benzene and are collectively known as aniline dyes

Answer 41

Synthetic dyes

Question 42

A Greek word meaning color-bearers which means a substance that is capable of producing visible color

Answer 42

Chromophores

Question 43

A Greek word meaning “color increaser”

Answer 43

Auxochrome

Question 44

For chromogen to be a dye it must be composed of an ___ and ____

Answer 44

Acid; base

Question 45

The coloring property is attributed to the _______ and the dyeing property to the salt forming _____

Answer 45

Chromophore; Auxochrome

Question 46

If the dye is a basic one, the differentiation is carried out by an ______ solution An _____ medium is used for differentiation after an acid dye

Answer 46

Acid; alkaline

Question 47

________ is a natural dye extracted from the core of heartwood of the tree, __________

Answer 47

Hematoxylin; haematoxylon campechianum

Question 48

Formed by oxidation of hematoxylin

Answer 48

Hematin

Question 49

The complex of stain and mordant is called _____

Answer 49

Lake

Question 50

7 examples of Mordant

Answer 50

•Aluminum •chromium •copper •tungsten/phosphotungstic acid (PTAH) •Iron •Aluminum/ alum salts •Ferric salt

Question 51

Most commonly used mordant giving a blue lake reaction

Answer 51

Aluminum/ aluminum salts

Question 52

Causes an intense blue-black when use as a mordant

Answer 52

Ferric salt

Question 53

Routinely used as a background or contrast stain because it gives a pleasing and useful contrast to nuclear stains such as hematoxylin

Answer 53

EOSIN

Question 54

Most common eosin stain

Answer 54

Eosin Y

Question 55

A specialized fixative used in frozen section serves to localize antigens and hydrolytic enzymes also used for preservation of lipids

Answer 55

Formol calcium

Question 56

Similar with H&E staining but the differentiation stage is omitted; a progressive form of staining

Answer 56

Modified H&E technique

Question 57

Color reaction: Cytoplasm and proteins in edema fluid

Answer 57

Pale pink

Question 58

Color reaction: Decalcified bone, osteoid, collagen

Answer 58

Pink

Question 59

Color reaction: Muscle fibers

Answer 59

Deep pink

Question 60

Color reaction: RBCs Eosinophil granules

Answer 60

Bright orange to red

Question 61

Calcium and calcified bones

Answer 61

Purplish blue

Question 62

Color reaction: Plasma cells, osteoblast, basophilic cytoplasm

Answer 62

Purplish pink

Question 63

Color reaction: Karyosome

Answer 63

Dark blue

Question 64

Color reaction: Nucleus

Answer 64

Blue to blue-black

Question 65

Color reaction: Cartilage

Answer 65

Light blue to dark blue