Hitler’s Rise To Power Flashcards
(168 cards)
1
Q
Why, when and who with did President Hindenburg replace Brüning?
A
He had become so unpopular and was nicknamed Hunger chancellor, he was replaced May 1932 by Von Papen
2
Q
When did Hitler stand against Hindenburg as President and what was the outcome?
A
March 1932, he gained 13.5 million votes but Hindenburg had 19.3 million
3
Q
When did Von Papen resign and who replaced him?
A
November 1932, Von Schleicher
4
Q
What did the secret deal involve?
A
Von Papen decides to work with Hitler against Von schleicher and they agreed Hitler would be chancellor so Von Papen persuades Hindenburg
5
Q
When and why did Von Schleicher resign and who was he replaced with?
A
January 1933, Hindenburg refused to pass laws for him using Article 48, Hindenburg takes a risk by appointing Hitler
6
Q
Factors which allowed Hitler to become chancellor?(7)
A
The depression, Hindenburgs mistakes, Hitler’s leadership skills, propaganda, failure of other politicians, nazi reorganisation after the Munich putsch, use of Hitler youth, use of the SA
7
Q
When did Hindenburg pass a law saying meetings had to be announced 24 hours beforehand and why did this help Hitler?
A
February 1933, this meant hitler could send his SA to break up oppositions at these meetings as he knew about them 24 hours prior to them happening
8
Q
When was the reichstag fire?
A
27th February 1933
9
Q
What 4 things did the enabling involve and when was it?
A
1st March 1933, the Reichstag voted to give Hitler the power to make his own laws, Nazi storm troopers stopped opposition deputies going in and beat up anyone who spoke against it, act made Hitler dictator of Germany (one party state) with the power to do anything he liked, the act eliminated communism by banning parties and stopping meetings/communication
10
Q
When did the the nazi party and nationalist party join together and what did this mean for hitler?
A
23rd March 1933, hitler had the majority of seats in the reichstag therefore could make the enabling act permanent
11
Q
When did hitler set up the gestapo?
A
7th April 1933
12
Q
When did hitler ban all trade unions and what did this involve? 5 points
A
2nd May 1933, Trade Unions offices were closed, their money was confiscated, leaders put in prison, in their place Hitler put the German Labour Front which reduced workers’ pay and took away right to strike, big businesses supported Hitler for this
13
Q
When was the law against the formation of new parties established and what 2 things did it involve?
A
14th July 1934, declared the Nazi party the only political party in Germany so all others were banned, their leaders were thrown in prison
14
Q
When was the night of the long knives and what did it involve?
A
30th June 1934, Ernst rohm and 100 regional SA leaders were imprisoned shot and arrested in order to remove potential opposition. At least 77 men were killed
15
Q
When did Hindenburg die and what did this mean for Hitler?
A
2nd August 1934, hitler merges the role of chancellor and president, he became fuhrer
16
Q
What were 7 of the roles of the SS?
A
Formed in 1925 as Hitlers personal bodyguard, death head units ran concentration camps where people were sent without trial, in charge of all police, involved in kristallnacht, involved in the night of the long knives, ensure Nazi policy was being enforced, gathered up anyone who did not fit the perfect Nazi society
17
Q
When did concentration camps provide slave labour and when did they become extermination camps?
A
1939, during ww2
18
Q
What were the two aims of the gestapo?
A
Impose the will of the fuhrer, identify anyone who criticised Nazis
19
Q
What happened to the number of crimes punishable by death?
A
Rose from 3 in 1933 to 46 in 1943
20
Q
By 1939, how much of German newspapers did Nazis control?
A
Two thirds
21
Q
Name 7 types of propaganda
A
Book burning, cinema, radio, art, sculpture and architecture, sport, rallies, newspapers
22
Q
How many loudspeakers were installed in Germany?
A
6000
23
Q
Between 1932 and 1939 what happens with the number of families with a radio?
A
Rose from 25% to 70%
24
Q
How was the Berlin olympics a use of propaganda?
A
Designed to show the world that Germany was superior in every way but a black athlete called Jesse Owens won four gold medals
25
When was the membership of the Hitler Youth made compulsory?
1936
26
What were the boys categories in the Hitler Youth?
Little Fellow (6-9), German Young People (10-13), Hitler Youth (14-18)
27
What were the girls categories in the Hitler Youth?
League of Young girls (10-13), League of German maidens (14-18)
28
How many members of the hitler youth were there by 1939?
8 million members (80% of people)
29
What changes did hitler make to school subjects? (7)
PE was given 15% of school time, biology focused on race and population control, geography focused on the need for Lebensraum (living space)and the lands that were once part of Germany, history was rewritten to blame Jews for Germany’s past problems, RE was dropped in 1937, eugenics introduces which taught pupils about selective breeding, lessons began and ended with heil Hitler salutes
30
Where were potential future leaders trained?
Adolf Hitler Schools
31
What 4 things did the swing youth do and how did they end up?
Formed to deliberately listen to jazz music, gave fake “Hail Benny” salutes and girls wore make up and fashionable imported clothes to oppose hitler. Sent to concentration camps for 2-3 years
32
Who was the ideal nazi woman?
Aryan with 4 children
33
How were women told to dress and be?(4)
Traditional clothing made of home substitutes, not smoke, not wear makeup, be athletic, broad hips to bear children, flat shoes
34
What happened with doctors and civil servants in 1935?
All women in these jobs were sacked
35
What was the Honour cross of German mothers?
Bronze medal for 4 children, silver for 6, gold for 8
36
When was the Law of Encouragement for marriage and what did it involve?
1933, loans of 1000 marks given away to new brides, 250 marks knocked off for every child the couple had
37
When did Nazis contradict their own policy and why?
1937 because they wanted women to do back to work because so many men were needed in the army
38
Why was there no open opposition to the Nazis?(6)
Fear of the SS, fear of the gestapo, censorship meant people did not know the extent of what was happening, opposition was divided, Nazis dropped unpopular policies such as the euthanasia policy before they became a real problem, organised opposition was banned
39
What did passive resistance involve?
Many refuse to join the party or do the hitler salute, some were executed for this
40
How many underground meetings did the gestapo break up?
1000
41
What did church opposition involve?(2)
Martin Neimoller and Dietroch Bonhoeffer founded the Confessional Churxh and preached anti nazi messages. Cardinal Galen led a campaign against the euthanasia programme.
42
What did the unemployed do?
Built Autobahns, hospitals, schools and houses
43
What did the Reich Labour Service involve?
Men were forced to work for free for 6 months but were given food and accommodation
44
In what year was it made compulsory for all men to do 2 years military service and how many men were in the armed forces this year?
1939, 1.36 million
45
What did the beauty of labour do?
Helped improve conditions in factories
46
What did strength through joy do?
Offer prizes and rewards (which were more of a myth than a reality) for hard work such as holidays and saving schemes
47
What did the Volkswagen scheme involve?
People had to pay a monthly fee and were promised a Volkswagen car but no cars were ever handed over and nobody got their money back
48
In which ways did the nazi economy succeed?(3)
Construction, rearming, production of raw materials improved
49
Failure of the nazi economy?
Still reliant on imports for a third of materials and they wound need to conquer other countries to overcome this
50
Who was Gustav Schact?
In charge of economy 1934-1936, he limited imports to try to achieve self sufficiency but realised Germany could not survive on its own, he eventually resigned and was sent to a concentration camp
51
Who was Herman Goering?
Put in charge of the economy after Schact, he focused on creating jobs by rearming Germany and preparing them for war
52
When was the one day boycott of Jewish shops?
April1933
53
In what year were Jews banned from public service jobs such as teachers and civil servants?
1933
54
When were Jews prevented from joining the army?
May 1934
55
When were Nuremburg laws and what did they involve?
1935 Jews could no longer be German citizens or vote
56
In July 1938 who was forbidden from working?
Jewish doctors, lawyers and dentists
57
When were red ‘J’s stamped on Jews passports?
October 1938
58
When was Kristallnacht and what did it involve? 5 things
November 1938, 191 synagogues set on fire, 76 demolished, 815 shops destroyed, 20,000 Jews arrested, 91 Jews killed
59
When were Jews expelled from schools?
November 1938
60
When were Jewish businesses confiscated?
December 1938
61
When were Jews given new first names and what were they?
January 1939, Sarah for women, Israel for men
62
When did ww2 began and what did this lead to?
September 1939, ghettos set up as Germany gained land from other countries
63
What was the nazi promise which appealed to big businesses?
Promising to destroy the communists because communists removed wealth of businessman
64
What was the nazi promise which appealed to the working class?
Promised to make Germany a stronger and more respected nation, promised to get the unemployed back to work
65
What was the nazi promise which appealed to the middle class?
Nazis promised to destroy the communists and the middle class had savings they didn’t want to lose
66
What was the nazi promise which appealed to farmers?
Promised to destroy communists, comminists would take away farmers land
67
What percentage of votes did Nazis have in rural areas?
60%
68
How did Nazis appeal to young people?
Speeches (especially ones about war and glory) seemed exciting and motivating
69
What was the nazi promise which appealed to women?
Promised to put families first, some women liked the idea of returning to a domestic role and
70
How many people were in the SA by 1934?
3 million
71
Why was Ernst Rohm seen as a threat to Hitler?
3 million men answered to Rohm not hitler, he criticised Hitlers links to wealthy businessmen and factory owners and proposed the party become more socialist so he encouraged Hitler to tax the rich more and help the working class
72
Why did German officials dislike Rohm?
German army was only allowed 100,000 men whereas the SA had 3million so they felt he had more power than them
73
What did German officials do in 1934?
Warned Hitler that Rohm was planning to seize power
74
What did the army have to do following the Night of the Long Knives?
The SA was absorbed into the German official army and they had to swear an oath of loyalty directly to Hitler
75
What do some historians believe about the Knight of the Long Knives?
Nazis controlled newspapers and printed fake news stories about Rohm planning to take over the party as a way to explain the purge to the public
76
Who was the SS made up of?
Originally only 250 of them, hand chosen because they were the most dedicated and elite members of the SA and had perfect Aryan bloodlines
77
How many SS were there by the late 1930s?
Over 240,000
78
What was the downfall of the SS?
Declared a criminal organisation in 1946
79
What was the role of the SD? 3 points
Dealt with domestic and foreign intelligence, used information gathered from the SS and gestapo, kept a card index with the details of any suspects
80
Who was the leader of the SS?
Himmler from 1936
81
What 5 methods did the gestapo use?
Intercepted mail, spied on people, tricked people into incriminating themselves, had a network of informants (snitches), torture
82
How many SD officers were there in 1939?
50,000
83
How many Gestapo were there in 1942?
30,000
84
What three facts give the impression Gestapo were not as powerful as people thought they were?
Never more than 30,000 in a population of 80million, in large towns like Hamburg there were fewer than 50 officers but most were office staff, only 10% of crimes were discovered by the Gestapo (80% by public)
85
Who was the leader of the SD?
Originally controlled by himmler but taken over by Heydrich
86
Who was in control of the Gestapo? 2 points
1934 placed under SS control, 1936 Heydrich became the leader
87
Who set up the Gestapo and when?
Goering in 1933
88
In 1939 alone how many people were arrested by the Gestapo?
160,000 however most of these were flagged up by the public
89
1933-39 how many people were sentenced by courts and what was the total number of years imprisonment?
225,000 people to a total of 600,000 years imprisonment
90
1933-45 how many people were detained for resistance?
800,000
91
1933-45 how many people were legally executed?
30,000
92
What were the ORPO?
Local police
93
What were the SIPO?
Security police
94
Who was Reich’s fuhrer SS chief of police?
Himmler
95
What is a police state?
A state in which police have absolute power to arrest and punish anyone who doesn’t follow Nazis ideals without trial
96
In what 4 ways were courts used to support terror?
Hitler ensured judges and courts were controlled by Nazis, judges swore an oath of loyalty to Hitler, anyone charged was invariably found guilty, the number of crimes punishable by death rose from 3 in 1933 to 46 ten years later
97
What were the ten types of repression?
Murder, beatings, intimidation, concentration camps, sterilisation, execution, press censorship, dismissal from job, arbitrary arrest, warnings, prison
98
What four things were inmates in concentration camps used for?
Questioning, torture, re education, hard labour
99
Name 8 types of prisoners in concentration camps
Jews, catholics, protestants, professional criminals, sexual offenders, foreign forced labour groups, members of other parties, gypsies/tramps
100
How many films were produced by the Nazis and how many were propaganda films?
1300 films, 200 propaganda
101
What preceded every film?
45 minute newsreel proclaiming nazi messages
102
What 4 messages were pre dominant in films?
Aryan race superiority, ant semitism, anti communism, national sacrifice
103
How many sculptures were removed by Nazis from galleries?
12,000
104
What themes did artists paint about?
Aryan themes like family, heroism and national community
105
What 3 modern forms of culture did Nazis object?
Modern art, progressive theatre, jazz music
106
In which 4 places were people encouraged to listen to radio?
Factories, bars, cafes, homes
107
How were radios designed?
They had a short range so they couldn’t pick up foreign stations
108
What was the Reich Chamber of Culture and when was it set up?
1938, monitores cultural activities and membership was granted to those approved by Nazis
109
What 6 things did Joseph Goebbels do?
He was minister of propaganda and popular enlightenment, exploited Reichstag fire, carried out the burning of books, wrote the Nuremberg laws, organised Kristallnacht, organised the eternal Jew exhibition, produced the anti Semitic film Jud Suss
110
Define indoctrination
Brainwashing people into accepting ideas
111
Define censorship
When unacceptable parts or whole books, films, newspapers are edited and changed
112
What and when was the Decree for the Protection of People and State?
After the Reichstag fire, an emergency decree Hitler persuaded Hindenburg to pass which allowed police to search houses, ban meetings and shut down newspapers if it was in the interest of national security
113
How did Hitler benefit from the Reichstag fire? 4 ways
A Dutch communist van der Lubbe was caught with matches and fire lighting materials which Hitler used as an excuse to arrest communist opponents, more opposition to communists, major platform for Hitlers election campaign of March 1933, people would turn to the Nazi party in this time of panic because they were a strong party
114
What were 2 reasons for the church being scared to speak out?
Bonhoeffer had been executed in 1944 after taking part in the bomb plot, around 400 catholic priests imprisoned in the priests block at Dachau
115
Where was a party rally held every year?
Nuremberg
116
What was the white rose group?
A passive resistance youth group which was famous in 1942 led by Hans and Sophie Scholl who started an anonymous leaflet group to preach anti nazi messages
117
What three things did the Edelweiss pirates do and when did this group form?
Youth opposition which began in 1936 when Hitler Youth membership was made compulsory, encouraged boys and girls to socialise unlike Hitler youth and challenged restrictions on movement by camping, had discussions on topics which were forbidden
118
Were the edelweiss pirates successful?
Little more than a small irritant between 1936-39 but was classed as a blatant subversion during World War Two
119
Were the swing groups successful?
YES because 5000 to 6000 people attended the dances they organised
120
What 5 subjects did boys focus on at school?
Science, maths, military drilling, military fitness, physical fitness
121
What four activities did boys do in Hitler Youth?
Frequent drilling, practice shooting, map reading, signalling
122
What 6 subjects did girls do at school?
Needlework, music, domestic duties, physical fitness, language, home crafts
123
What activities did girls do in Hitler Youth?
Domestic skills like how to make beds and cook
124
What were the five nazi aims for both boys and girls?
Be obedient, idolise the fuhrer, be physically fit, sacrifice self for the National good, do everything possible to strengthen the health and racial purity of the German nation
125
What was the Nazi aim for a boy?
Be a strong fighter
126
What was the nazi aim for a girl?
Bear many children
127
What were four successes of Hitler Youth?
Enjoyed camping and hiking, enjoyed sense of comradeship, enjoyed military aspects, expanded from 5.4 million in 1936 to 8million in 1939
128
What were six limitations of Hitler Youth?
At least 3 million young people hadn’t joined by the end of 1938, military drilling was found boring, shortage of adult youth leaders due to conscription, teachers concerned about effects of propaganda, parents found it difficult to accept that their children owed allegiance to Hitler, children challenged parents authority
129
What were the three roles of men?
Politics, war, work
130
What were the four roles of women?
Raise children, look after family, be a good homemaker, cook using left overs
131
What were the 5 aims of the Nazis policies towards women?
Increase pure german births, increase suitable marriages, develop healthy germans, reduce female employment, organise women
132
When were marriage loans given and on what grounds?
1933 600 RM marriage loan if unemployed, by 1937 this expanded to women in work also
133
What happened to university enrolment of women?
Limited to 10%
134
What happened to couples cohabiting after their marriage had been banned in 1941?
Sent to concentration camps
135
How many marriages were there in 1932 and 1934?
516,000 in 1934 then 740,000 in 1936 but divorces increased after 1938
136
How much did infant mortality drop as a result of developing healthy Germans?
1933 it was 7.7% but in 1936 it was 6.6%
137
How did employment for women change between 1933 and 1939?
Rose from 4.2 million to 6.2 million (35% of married women between 16-65)
138
When and what was the Law for the Protection if German Blood and Honour?
1935, illegal for Jews or black people or gypsies to marry Germans
139
What did the SS do to vagrants in 1938?
Rounded up 100,000 to put in concentration camps
140
When and what was the Wannsee conference?
1942-5 Nazis agreed upon the final solution to exterminate all Jews in Europe, millions killed in camps like Auschwitz
141
What five things made the National labour service unpopular?
Uniforms, military drill, very low pay, lives in camps, poor working conditions
142
What did the autobahn scheme involve?
125000 men employed in constructing a 7000 mile network of dual carriage way roads to improve transport around Germany. It created buildings, bridges, coastal walls and sports facilities
143
In which three ways did the autobahn scheme help the economy?
Provided jobs, quicker cheaper transport for industry and agriculture, boosted sale of Herman goods
144
How did public spending increase?
From 18billion marks in 1933 to 38billion in 1938
145
What were five negative aspects of the Strength through Joy movement?
Trade unions banned in 1933,nobody ever got a Volkswagen Beetle, strikes made illegal, no limit on working hours, couldn’t bargain for higher wages, couldn’t leave job without permission
146
By how much did working hours increase?
From 42.9 hours in 1933 to 47 in 1939
147
Which two groups were sterilised?
Those suspected to be mentally ill, children born to German women by black soldiers
148
Which two facts reveal that Von Papen had no support?
68 supporters in the Reichstag, gained 32 votes in the Reichstag’s vote as to whether they would support him, 513 voted against him
149
When was the federal election of 1933 and how did Nazis gain the majority of votes?
5th March 1933. Only tallied 43.9% of vote but Hitler arrested 81 communist opponents which gave them the majority
150
When did the Nazi party take over local government and what 3 things did this involve?
26th April 1933. Nazis started to replace anti-Nazi teachers and University professors, set up Gestapo and encouraged Germans to report opponents, thousands of minority groups arrested/sent to concentration camps for crimes like saying business was bad, possessing a banned book or writing anti Nazi graffiti
151
Identify 6 key factors in Hitler's rise to Fuhrer
Reichstag Fire, Night of the Long Knives, Enabling Act, Local government taken over, Trade Unions banned, Law against Formation of New Parties
152
Why did Hitler think religion was a threat to Nazi control?
They had opposite views to the Nazi party and would worship God instead of him but attaching the church hold cause serious opposition from very religious German people who were 2/3 Protestant and 1/3 Catholic
153
How were Christian views the opposite to Nazi views?
Nazism glorified strength and violence but Christianity taught love and forgiveness. Nazis despised the weak but Christians help the weak. Nazis believed in racial superiority but Christians showed respect for all people. Nazis saw Hitler as a god like figure but Christians believe in god
154
What was the Concordat?
In July 1933 Hitler and the Pope sign an agreement to not interfere in each other’s businesses. Nazi attempt to keep the 43 million German Catholics on their side
155
How did Hitler break the concordat? 7 points
Groups like the Catholic Youth league were banned and catholic schools were brought under Nazi control. In 1937 the Pope openly criticised the Nazi regime and as a result 400 priests are sent to concentration camps and RE is banned from schools, all catholic schools shut down in 1939 and monasteries closed
156
What was the German Faith Movement?
In 1934 Nazis set up their own religion which replaced Christian teachings with pagan ones
157
What was the Reich Church? 6 points
Set up in 1936, brought all the Protestant churches under Nazi control, Ludwig Muller made the Reich bishop, bible replaced by Mein Kampf, Swastika replaces the cross, all Jewish teachings from the Old Testament revived
158
Did the Nazis succeed in controlling the church?
Majority of Germans chose to keep quiet and still practised their religion however he did weaken their resistance to his policies.
159
Explain 3 types of church opposition
Martin Niemoller who set up the Pastors Emergency League to campaign against the Nazis (people must obey God not a man) and membership rose to 7000- the PEL was banned and Niemoller sent to Dachau concentration camp until 1945 after being spied by the Gestapo, 1934 Confessors Church set up (Protestant church to oppose Reich church) and about 6000 pastors joined but over 800 sent to concentration camps, 400 catholics priests were arrested in the priests block at Dachau
160
When and what was the Sterilisation law?
1933 sterilised non Aryan women so they couldn’t have children
161
What was the ‘Lebensborn’ programme?
Aryan women encouraged to donate a child to the Fuhrer by getting pregnant with Aryan SS soldiers at special centres
162
What did the German Women’s Enterprise do?
Organised classes and radio talks and trained women on housework and bringing up children
163
Why were the Women’s Front and the Reich Mothers Service set up?
To brainwash women
164
Identify results of Nazi policies towards women
In 1936 there were over 30% more births than in 1933, marriages increased 21% between 1933 and 1939, women liked being important in Germany so there was increased support for the Nazis, 15% of women sacked e.g 4000 teachers, shortage of workers in 1937 so women worked on farms and working women increased to 14 million in 1939
165
How many people were sterilised by 1939?
400,000
166
Whey was the T4 programme?
1939, Nazis killed over 5000 young people with mental and physical disabilities by lethal injection
167
How did Nazis persecute homosexuals?
4000 arrested in 1936, over 5000 sent to concentration camps
168
How did Nazis persecute gypsies?
Between 1936 and 1939 Germany’s 35,000 gypsies we’re rounded up and out into camps to be deported
