HIV and AIDS Flashcards
(80 cards)
1
Q
causative agent of HIV infection
A
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS
2
Q
family of HIV
A
Retroviridae
3
Q
Subfamily of HIV
A
Lentivirus, Oncovirus
4
Q
HIV is enveloped with _____
A
coiled nucleocapsid
5
Q
HIV is icosahedral with ____
A
single stranded RNA
6
Q
unique enzyme component of HIV
A
reverse transcriptase
7
Q
responsible for the reverse transcription of the gene of the host
A
reverse transcriptase
8
Q
copy the different DNA copies of the infected hosts
A
reverse transcriptase
9
Q
HIV replicates inside the ____
A
nucleus
10
Q
point of entry of the HIV to the cell
A
CD4
11
Q
receptor for the viral agent
A
CD4
12
Q
HIV Serotypes
A
HIV-1
HIV-2
13
Q
HIV-1 was identified in France by the lab of
A
Luc Montagnier
14
Q
HIV-1 was identified in USA by
A
Robert Gallo & Jay Levy
15
Q
HIV-1 was formerly called as
A
- Human T-cell lymphotrophic virus-type III (HTLV-III)
- Lymphadenopathy associated virus (LAV)
- AIDS-associated retrovirus (ARV)
16
Q
former names were associated with the ___
A
characteristic cell of the virus and the characteristic effect on the host
17
Q
Majority occurred in West Africa
A
HIV-2
18
Q
Less pathogenic, lower rate of transmission
A
HIV-2
19
Q
T/F
HIV does not survive long outside the hosts cell.
A
T
20
Q
In order to survive, HIV must infect the
A
target cell (CD4 positive cells)
21
Q
MOT of HIV is similar to the MOT to
A
Hepatitis B
22
Q
MOT of HIV
A
- sexual intercourse
- transfer of blood or blood products
- through birth and breast feeding (babies)
- parenteral drug use
- needle stick injury
23
Q
MOT of HIV is mainly through
A
sexual intercourse
24
Q
T/F
kissing is a MOT for HIV
A
F (stream of saliva must be transferred for it to occur)
25
gag (group antigen gene) viral gene products
p24, p18, p15
26
gag (group antigen gene) functions
codes for core structural (group Ags) proteins
27
pol (polymerase) viral gene products
1. Reverse transcriptase
2. RNAase
3. Protease
4. Integrase
28
Transcribes ssRNA into dsDNA (happens in nucleus)
Reverse Transcriptase
29
env (envelope) viral gene products
1. gp160
2. gp41
30
Binds to CD4 receptorsa for infection
gp160
31
this allow the env gp ags to bind and release of HIV virion
CD4 receptor
32
Primary effects of HIV infection
1. Extreme leukopenia
2. Formation of giant T cells and other
3. Infected macrophages release the virus in CNS
33
Secondary effects of HIV infection
1. Destruction of CD4 lymphocytes
34
2 Levels of Diagnosis of HIV Infection
1. Initial Screening
2. Confirmatory Test
35
Tests used in Initial screening
Indirect ELISA, Latex Agglutination, Rapid Antibody Tests
36
Rapid results but may result in false positives
Initial Screening
37
Retesting is done to confirm false positives
Initial Screening
38
False negative in initial screening can also occur; persons who may have been exposed should be tested a second time ____ later
3-6 months
39
Follow up with Western Blot Analysis to rule out false positives
Confirmatory Test
40
Laboratory Tests used in HIV Testing
1. ELISA (Screening)
2. Western Blot (Confirmatory)
3. Indirect Immunofluorescent Assay (Confirmatory)
41
Detects Abs to HIV and HIV Ag
ELISA
42
used in Indirect ELISA
Antibody
43
Used in Direct ELISA
Antigen
44
Most widely used HIV test
Western Blot
45
_________ must appear to indicate confirmed case of HIV in Western Blot Method
⅔ bands
46
bands necessary for Western Blot Method
1. p24
2. gp41
3. gp120/gp160
47
Used to detect HIV in infected cells
Indirect Immunofluorescent Assay (Confirmatory)
48
Tests for Detecting HIV genes
1. In situ hybridization
2. Filter hybridization
3. SOUTHERN BLOT Hybridization
4. DNA Amplification
5. PCR
6. Northern Blot
49
Used in DNA testing for detecting HIV genes
SOUTHERN BLOT Hybridization
50
test HIV RNA
PCR
51
Measure mRNA antigen
Northern Blot
52
DIAGNOSIS OF AIDS IS MADE WHEN A PERSON MEETS THE FF. CRITERIA
1. Positive for the virus
2. They fulfill one of the additional criteria:
a. They have a CD4 count of fewer than 200 cells/ml of blood
b. The CD4 cells account for fewer than 14% of all lymphocytes
c. They experience one or more of a CDC-provided list of AIDS-defining illnesses
53
T/F
Patient must have a CD4 count of more than 200 cells/ml of blood
F (Fewer)
54
T/F
The CD4 cells account for fewer than 17% of all lymphocytes
F (14%)
55
T/F
patient must experience one or more of a CDC-provided list of AIDS-defining illnesses
T
56
px is either asymptomatic or may show lymphadenopathy
Primary Stage
57
Resembles infectious mononucleosis (IM)
Primary Stage
58
this state is known as the ARC (Aids-Related Complex)
Intermediate Stage
59
quantitative T cell deficiencies with inverted CD4:CD8 ratio
Intermediate Stage
60
When HIV replication occurs, the _______ cell is killed
CD4
61
result of CD4 cell death
severe depletion of helper-inducer T lymphocytes
62
normal CD4:CD8 ratio
2:1
63
CD4:CD8 ratio in AIDS pxs
0.5:1
64
clinical manifestation that occurs 2-10 yrs after initial infection
final stage
65
a syndrome of CD4 depletion resulting in opportunistic infections and cancers suggestive of cell mediated immunity defects
Final stage
66
When the opportunistic infection present in the body is the fungal infections, this indicates that the person already has ____
immunodeficiency
67
Opportunistic pathogens
1. Pneumocystis carinii (now known as P. jirovecii)
2. M. avium-intracellulare complex
3. Candida albicans
4. Cryptosporidium parvum
5. Toxoplasma gondii
6. Cryptococcus neoformans
7. Herpes Simplex (I and II)
8. Legionella spp.
68
now known as P. jirovecii
Pneumocystis carinii
69
Caused by Human Herpes Simplex Virus Type VIII
Kaposi's sarcoma
70
Tumors in skin and linings of internal organs, lymphomas and cancers of rectum and lung
Kaposi’s sarcoma
71
most frequent malignancy observed
Kaposi's Sarcoma
72
T/F
there's no antibody formation in first 8 weeks of infection in Kaposi's sarcoma
T
73
Early testing will cause ______ results and will suggest to retest within 3-6 months
false negative
74
first antibody to be detected; persist throughout the infection
Anti-gp41
75
A new confirmatory procedure that is implemented to replace western blot in the Philippines
rHIVda (Rapid HIV Diagnostic Algorithm)
76
If the result is ____ in rHIVda, the sample of the patient must be sent to SACCL-NRL-SLH because other test centers do not have Western Blot
negative
77
If the patient is reactive to HIV screening, the patient is tested for rHIVda test 1. If negative,
report the result as inconclusive and advice the patient to return to the testing center after 2-6 weeks
78
If the patient is reactive to HIV screening, the patient is tested for rHIVda test 1. If positive
perform rHIVda test 2
79
Responsible for inserting viral DNA into host DNA
Integrase
80
Required for viral fusion of cell
gp41
