Hiv & hep Flashcards by Deleted Deleted

When was the first reported description of hepatitis?

Hippocrates 400BCE

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What happened during 400 BCE – 1800?

Infectious hepatitis was endemic in some areas and it was known to come in waves, especially during wars and conflicts

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First cases of hepatitis transferring through blood products?

During the WW2 1920 yellow fever vaccination programs as the vaccines had human serum which had hepatitis in it.

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How many recorded cases of hepatitis in soldiers vaccinated for yellow fever?

45,000

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How many types of hepatitis did they discover back then?

1) Infectious hepatitis
Short incubation period /Faecal-oral transmission
* 2) Serum hepatitis
Longer incubation period
Serum transmission

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Which countries are affected by Hepatitis A?

It is a worldwide problem

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How is hep A spread?

Person to person contact due to poor hygiene and unsafe water

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What is Hep A’s incubation period?

14-28 days

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What are some symptoms of Hep A?

Fever malaise abdominal pain jaundice (raised serum bilirubin) and dark urin due to bilirubin in urine

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How likely is someone to recover from Hep A?

Highly likely

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Is there an immunity following hep A infection?

Yes, a lifetime immunity

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How many people does hep B effect at a. time?

350 Million

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How many new cases of hep B a year?

1.5 million

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How many deaths does hep b cause?

1 million per year

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How is hep b spread?

Blood/body fluid transmission ex
Mother to child during birth
Sexual transmission
Iv drug abuse
Tattoo/healthcare

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Describe the possible course of a hep b infection?

Inoculation with contaminated blood/serum/body fluids
70% chance they will be symptomatic 30% chance asymptomatic carriers
A small number of symptomtic will develop chronic hep/cirrhosis, liver cancer which can cause liver failure or death, however the majority recover but will remain asymptomatic carriers.

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hep b symtoms?

Malaise
Nausea
Anorexia
Abdo pain
Arthralgia
Jaundice

After recovering from hep B what happens?

You remain a lifelong carrier of hep B

Describe the structure of hep B virus

Consists of an outer membrane that contains the hep b surface antigen
In the middle there is the core antigen
Between the core and surface antigen there is an E antigen

How are people vaccinated against hepatitis B?

With the hepatitis b surface antigen
They will develop hepatitis b surface antigen antibodies only

What is HIV?

-(human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks the body’s immune system. If HIV is not treated, it can lead to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)

What type of virus is HIV?

human T-cell lymphotropic virus/ retrovirus slow onsent of disease

first account of HIV? From?

Pre-1980
Virus transferred from monkeys to humans from hunting

What happened in New York during 1981?

Pneumocystis carinii parasitic chest infections
Pigmented cancer called Kaposis sarcoma noted in previously well people

When was the virus that caused the problem in 1981 identified?

In 1983 the retrovirus was identified

When was the first treatment for the 1981 ‘hiv’ incidident identified?

1995

How many people have died bec of HIV?

Worldwide problem aprox 40 million

How many new hiv cases a year?

1.5 million

How many people are currently living with HIV?

40 million and 25 million of those are in Africa

How is HIV transmitted ?

Blood Body fluids Mother to baby Maternal transmission breastfeeding Unprotected sex Contaminated blood products Needle stick injury

How is HIV NOT transmitted?

Normal contact Sharing food, cutlery, plates, cups etc Condom-protected sex

What is stage 1 of hiv infection?

Stage 1: 2-4 weeks after Malaise, fatique, muscle pain, fever, lymphadenopathy

What is stage 2 of hiv infection?

Stage 2: asymptomatic Months to years after Increasing viral replication

What is stage 3 of hiv infection?

Acquired Immune Deficiencey Syndrome (AIDS)

What cells does HIV affect?

White blood cells CD4+ T cells: T helper cells, help fight infections CD8+ T cells: Killer T cells, help kill tumour cells

Why does HIV affect CD4+ cells?

HIV replicates within CD4+ cells. During Stage 2 CD4 count gradually declines Affected person becomes more immunocompromised

What conditions are AIDS-defining illnesses?

Low CD4+ count + specific king of Lymphoma Kaposi Sarcoma Candidiasis Fungal/viral/parasitic infections

AIDs prognosis?

poor

How to manage HIV infection?

By minimising impact of disease of CD4+ count early on in stage 2

Why is viral load important?

It’s a measure of infection risk High viral load=transmission risk and vice versa

How is HIV managed?

How is HIV managed? Manageable not curable by Anti retroviral treatment Prevent virus replication, maintain CD4 count, maintain immune function

Why is HIV a challenge?

Long latent period Lack of universal testing Expensive treatment Impact of disease on family, local, national, regional economies