HIV Pathogenesis Flashcards
(265 cards)
1
Q
family of HIV
A
Retroviridae
2
Q
subfamily of HIV
A
Orthoretroviridae
3
Q
Genus of HIV
A
lentivirus
4
Q
which genotype of HIV is more virulent
A
HIV-1
5
Q
previous names of HIV named by USA National Cancer Institute
A
Human T-lymphothropic virus (HTLV)
6
Q
previous name of HIV by scientists at the Pasteur Institute in France
A
Lymphadenopathy-Associated Virus (LAV)
7
Q
previous name of HIV (without reference)
A
AIDS-Associated Retrovirus (ARV)
8
Q
Lentivirus host species of HIV-1 and HIV-2
A
Human
9
Q
Lentivirus host of Bovine immunodeficiency virus
A
cow
10
Q
Lentivirus host of Simian immunodeficiency virus
A
non human primates
11
Q
responsible for the global AIDS
pandemic
what type of HIV
A
HIV-1
12
Q
HIV-1 is divided into several groups that were likely
independently transmitted to humans from ___
A
chimpanzees
13
Q
scientifica name of chimpanzees
A
Pan troglodytes
14
Q
which is less pathogenic and
is primarily found in West Africa
A
HIV-2
15
Q
HIV-2, which is less pathogenic and
is primarily found in
A
west africa
16
Q
HIV-2 is highly related to
A
SIV
17
Q
is found in sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys)
A
SIV
18
Q
HIV was introduced into the human population around __ to __ based on epidemiologic and phylogenetic analysis
A
1920 to 1940
19
Q
first verified case of HIV is from a blood sample taken in 1959 from a man living in what is now ___ in the ___
A
Kinshasa
Democratic Republic of Congo
20
Q
are that is known for having the most genetic diversity in HIV strains in the world, reflecting the number of different times SIV was passed to humans
A
Democratic republic of congo
21
Q
has had a lot
of mutation
A
HIV-1
22
Q
interaction of humans and chimpanzees include
A
eating
emotional attachment (pet_
23
Q
are single stranded enveloped ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses
A
lentiviruses
24
Q
Literally
called “slow viruses” because it takes a long time before the disease (AIDS) appears
A
lentiviruses
25
§ Upon entry into the target cell the viral RNA is converted into ___
HIV entry
dsDNA
26
§ Upon entry into the target cell the viral RNA is converted into double stranded DNA
by the ___
entry of HIV
virally encoded RT
27
upon entry, HIV virions have a copy of ___ that will be reverse transcripted to DNA then integrated into the host ___
RNA
genome
28
HIV is Grouped with immunodeficiency viruses of non-human primates that is ___
SIV (Simian Immunodeficiency Virus)
29
HIV-1 is subdivided into the groups
M, N, O, P
30
what type of HIV has developed from zoonotic transmission of different immunodeficiency viruses (SIVcpz)
HIV-1
31
HIV-1 has developed from zoonotic transmission of different immunodeficiency viruses (SIVcpz)
originating from chimpanzees belonging to
___ but not
Pan troglodytes troglodytes (central chimpanzee)
Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii (eastern chimpanzee)
32
HIV-2 and its groups are divided into __ to __
A to H
33
HIV-2 and its groups A to H (in blue) coincide phylogenetically with immunodeficiency viruses of
mangabey
34
HIV-1 group M viruses are subdivided into subtypes
A-D
F-H
J and K
35
___HIV are derived from various subtypes and are named CRF
(circulating recombinant form)- 20% of group M
recombinant
36
Recombinant HIV are derived from various subtypes and are named
circulating recombinant form (CRF)
37
CRF composes what percentage of group M of HIV
20 percent
38
the exchange of entire gene sequences at unselected positions,
is observed when a target cell is infected with two different HIV subtypes
recombination
39
1 in 400 newly produced virus particles is a
recombinant
40
has there been a recombination between HIV-1 and HIV-2?
no
41
How did SIV jump into humans to
become the HIV?
One theory is that hunters got the
virus through the blood of monkeys/apes
that they butchered, as well as through the
meat of the same that they ate
42
Another theory is that it was through the
apes/monkeys that the westerners, including the
slaves, brought from ___
Africa
43
It was also claimed that the HIV in USA
initially came from ___ because there were many
___who worked in Congo, Africa, where AIDS
is prevalent, some of whom, (or their relatives)
migrated to the US later.
hAITI
hATIANS
44
first signs of the HIV pandemic began in 1981 with an official report of a cluster of
cases of ___ due to Pneumocystis carinii infec=on (PCP) in previously healthy
young male homosexuals in Los Angeles.
pneumonia
45
first signs of the HIV pandemic began in 1981 with an official report of a cluster of
cases of pneumonia due to ___ ___ infection (PCP) in previously healthy
young male homosexuals in Los Angeles.
pneumocystis carnii
46
first signs of the HIV pandemic began in 1981 with an official report of a cluster of
cases of pneumonia due to Pneumocys*s carinii infec=on (PCP) in previously healthy
young male homosexuals in __ ___
Los Angeles
47
Publicity surrounding this report led rapidly to the recognition of similar cases
involving this and other pathogens, and to the definition of much larger clusters of
cases of ___ ___ (KS), a disease now known to be caused by infection by a
herpesvirus again in young homosexual men.
Kaposi's sarcoma
48
Publicity surrounding this report led rapidly to the recogni=on of similar cases
involving this and other pathogens, and to the defini=on of much larger clusters of
cases of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), a disease now known to be caused by infec=on by a
___again in young homosexual men.
herpesvirus
49
t was soon shown that the underlying cause of these opportunis=c infec=ons, which
were very rare in the general popula=on, was a ___ in the pa=ents, many of whom died rapidly. PCP and KS became two of
the defining condi=ons of AIDS.
severe generalized immune
deficiency
50
became two of
the defining condi=ons of AIDS
pneumocystis carinii infection
kaposi's sarcoma
51
HIV-1 was isolated by ___ i and ___ in 1983
Francoise Barre Sinoussi
Luc Montagnier
52
HIV-1 was isolated by Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc
Montagnier in 1983 from paDent samples taken either from
male homosexuals
haemophiliacs
53
another demographic group
that was significantly affected in the early part of the pandemic
haemophiliacs
54
size of HIV in diameter
100nm
55
envelope of HIV
outer lipid membrane
56
how many spikes in HIV virion
72 knobs (spikes)
57
HIV knobs are composed of ___ of the ___ protein
trimers
Env
58
are viral envelope glycoproteins that play a crucial role in viral entry into host cells, they are from phospholipids of hosts
ENV proteins
59
are anchored
to the membrane by the trimers of the
transmembrane (TM) protein gp41.
gp120 surface protein
60
* gp120 surface protein (SU) are anchored
to the membrane by the ___ of the ___
trimers
transmembrane (TM) protein gp41
61
mol weight of surface protein (SU)
gp120
62
mol weight of TM protein
gp41
63
used in antigen molecular detection of HIV
what protein
TM protein gp41
64
HIV capsid is covered by an outer capsid membrane made of what protein
p17
65
HIV capsid is wha tshaped
conical, ring-like or ellipse in shape
66
HIV capsid is made of what protein
p24
67
Genome of HIV has ___ indentical modules of viral genomic ___
two
RNA
68
why does HIV have two copies
security copy
69
are the RNA genome of HIV complementary?
no
70
Enzymes present in HIV virion
RT/Rnase H
Integrase
71
is a family of enzymes found in nearly all organisms that hydrolyze RNA when it is hybridized to DNA
RNase H
72
one enzyme only but haveI 2 catalyse,
RT/Rnase H
73
thus RNA can be __ and __ by RT/RNase H
converted to DNA
broken down
74
bound to the nucleic acid that integrate cDNA to host chromosome
Integrase (IN)
75
are both HIV types morphologically indistinguishable
from each other?
yes
76
however, HIV-1 and HIV-2 morphology are __ different
antigenically different
77
how can we differentiate HIV-1 andd HIV-2
through molecular testing
78
distinct differences between HIV-1 and HIV2 in the antigenicity of the viral proteins and
in the genome structure - HIV-2-speciHic
___ tools are required.
diagnostic
79
what proteins form the spike knobs in HIV virion
SU (gp120)
RT (p66, p55, p51)
TM (gp 41)
80
precursor of SU and TM)
gp120
81
mol weight of integrase
p32
82
mol weight of capsid protein
p24
83
mol weight of matrix protein
p17
84
mol weight of protease
p12
85
mol weight of nucleic acid binding protein
NC
86
mol weight of link protein
p6
87
precursor of the inner structural proteins of HIV
pr55Gag
88
gag gene has what proteins (3)
capsid protein
matrix protein
nucleoprotein
89
functions in formation of conical capsid
capsid protein (CA) (p24)
90
functions in myristilated protein, forming the inner membrane layer
p17 matrix protein (MA)
91
functions in formation of the nucleoprotein/RNA complex
nucleoprotein (p7)
92
involved in virus particle release what protein
p6 protein
93
precursor of the viral enzymes
Pr160GagPol
94
pol gene encodes for what proteins (4)
protease (PR)
reverse transcriptase (RT)
Rnase H
integrase
95
function in proteolytic cleavage of Gag (Pr55) and Gag-Pol
(Pr160GagPol) precursor protein; release of structural
proteins and viral enzymes
protease (PR) (P10)
96
functions in transcription of HIV RNA in proviral DNA
reverse transcriptase (RT) (p51)
97
functions in degradation of viral RNA in the viral RNA/DNA replication
complex
RNase H (p15)
98
RT and RNase H have a size of
p66
99
integration of proviral DNA into the host genome
integrase (p32)
100
precursor of the envelope proteins SU and TM, cleavage
by cellular protease
PrGp160
101
env gene include
gp120 SU
gp41 TM
102
functions in attachment of virus to the target cell
surface glycoprotein (SU) gp120
103
functions in anchorage of gp120, fusion of viral and cell membrane
transmembrane protein (TM) gp41
104
§ consists of two identical single-stranded RNA molecules that are enclosed within the
core of the virus particle
HIV genome
105
HIV genome has how many kbp?
9.3 kbp
106
is generated by the reverse transcription of the viral RNA genome into
DNA in HIV, degradation of the RNA and integration of the double-stranded HIV DNA into the
human genome
proviral DNA
107
follows, encoding the proteins of the outer core membrane (MA, p17), the
capsid protein (CA, p24), the nucleocapsid (NC, p7) and a smaller, nucleic acid-stabilizing
protein.
gag gene
108
e coding for the enzyme protease (PR, p12), reverse transcriptase (RT,
p51) and RNase H (p15) or RT plus RNase H (together p66) and integrase (IN, p32).
pol reading frame
109
reading frame from which the two envelope glycoproteins gp120 (surface protein,
SU) and gp41 (transmembrane protein, TM) are derived.
env
110
HIV screening tests detect the following
from blood samples:
HIV antigen
viral load after initial infection
antibodies to HIV-1 and HIV-2
111
detected after HIV antigen (p24) is detected
soon after initial infection, allows for detection of
early infections before HIV antibody is produced.
viral load
112
most common antibodies in the US of HIV
HIV-1
113
has higher prevalence in Africa
HIV-2
114
A few weeks after exposure to the virus, ___
to HIV are produced in response to the infection and
remain detectable in the blood thereafter, making the
antibody test useful for detecting infections weeks
after exposure.
antibodies
115
A few weeks after exposure to the virus, ___
to HIV are produced in response to the infection and
remain detectable in the blood thereafter, making the
___ test useful for detecting infections weeks
after exposure.
antibodies
116
how many main genes in the HIV-1 genome?
three
117
consists of 9,200-9,600 nucleotides in the case of what type of HIV
HIV-1
118
how many nucleotides in type of HIV
HIV-2
119
In the case of the regulator genes, the proteins of __ and ___ are composed of two gene
regions in HIV
tat
rev
120
In HIV-2, ___corresponds to the __ gene – reason for its reduced pathogenicity
vpx
vpu
121
accessory genes of HIV
vif
vpr
tat
rev
vpu
nef
122
activator of transcription of viral genes
what protein
p14 transactivator gene
123
tat gene codes for
transactivator ptoein
124
functions in regulates the export of non-spliced and partially spliced viral mRNA
RNA splicing regulator (p19)
125
rev gene codes for
RNA splicing regulator (p19)
126
functions in myristilated protein, influence on HIV replication, enhancement of infectivity of
viral particles, downregulation of CD4 on target cells and HLA cells on target
negative regulating factor
127
nef gene codes for
p27 negative regulating factor
128
critical for infectious virus production in vivo
viral infectivity protein
129
vif gene codes for
viral infectivity protein (p23)
130
component of virus particles, interaction with p6, facilitates virus infectivity, effect
on the cell cycle
what protein
virus protein r
131
vpr coes for
virus protein r (p15)
132
codes for efficient virus particle release, control of CD4 degradation, modulates
intracellular trafficking
virus protein unique
133
vpu codes for
viral protein unique
134
function in interaction with p6 in virus particles, involved in early steps of virus replication of
HIV-2, component of virus particles
virus protein x
135
vpx codes for
virus protein x
136
Tat-Env-Rev fusion protein, regulates the activity of Tat and Rev in nucleus
tat/rev protein
137
tev codes for
tat/rev protein
138
contents of the virion envelope is released into the ___; develop in to the ___ complex
cytoplasm
RT complex
139
RT complex contains
MA
Vpr
RT
IN
140
transport of RT complex and integration in the ___
chromosome
141
already RT when entering the cytoplasm
RT complex in HIV
142
HIV-1 isolates have been classified as __ tropic
M-tropic
T-tropic
143
isolates of HIV that infect both CD4+ macrophages and T cells; use the CCR5 co-receptor - commonly
referred to as R5 viruses
M-tropic
144
M- tropic - infect both CD4+ macrophages and T cells; use the CCR5 co-receptor - commonly
referred to as
r5 viruses
145
viruses preferentially infect CD4+ T cells; use the CXCR4 co-receptor - known as X4
viruses
t-tropic viruses
146
T-tropic viruses preferentially infect CD4+ T cells; use the CXCR4 co-receptor - known as
X4 viruses
147
dual-tropic HIV-1 isolates known as
R5X4 viruses
148
§ Most infections take place through the mucosal surface of the ___tract.
genital
149
Virus binds surface of a ___cell, HIV-1 may be taken up into an intracellular vesicle - does not
enter the cytoplasm or cause an infection.
dendritic
150
Virus binds surface of a dendritic cell, HIV-1 may be taken up into an ___vesicle - does not
enter the cytoplasm or cause an infection.
intracellular
151
Virus binds surface of a dendritic cell, HIV-1 may be taken up into an intracellular vesicle - does not
enter the ___or cause an ___.
cytoplasm
infection
152
§ dendritic cell carrying the virus to ___ ___ where the virus is transferred to, and infects, a CD4+ T
cell
lymph nodes
153
HIV can infect other resting cells (through ___ ___) and dividing cells.
genome integration
154
§ Can infect other ___ cells (through genome integration) and ___ cells.
resting
dividing
155
HIV entry is initiated by attachment of ___ to CD4 refceptors
gp120
156
attachment of gp120 to CDF induces a ___ change in ___
conformational change
gp120
157
gp120 undergoes further conformational changes that allow for the insertion of the ___ into the host membrane
gp41 fusion peptide
158
the formation of the __-helix bundle brings the host and viral membranes into close proximity and crease a __ pore
6
fusion
159
product of close proximity of host and viral membrane in HIV that allows entry of the HIV capsid into the host cell
fusion pore
160
HIV-1 life cycle
partial uncoating of the viral capsid forms
the ___
pre-integration complex 1
161
HIV-1 life cycle
generation of ___ takes place by action of what virion enzyme
cDNA
RT
RNase-H
162
HIV-1 life cycle
integration of the proviral cDNA into the genome by the action of what enzyme
integrase
163
HIV-1 life cycle
4. transcription of viral genes and splicing lead to expression of viral __
mRNAs
164
HIV-1 life cycle
5th step
translation
165
HIV-1 life cycle
6th step
capsid maturation
166
HIV-1 life cycle
1st step
partial uncoating of viral capsid, forming the pre-integration complex
167
HIV-1 life cycle
2nd step
generation of cDNA by virion RT and RNase-H
168
HIV-1 life cycle
3rd step
integration of proviral cDNA into genome by integrase
169
When capsid is taken up by an ___, a change in the pH value in the phagosome induces the release of
the capsid contents into the cytoplasm
endosome
170
When capsid is taken up by an endosome, a change in the __value in the phagosome induces the release of
the capsid contents into the cytoplasm
pH
171
When capsid is taken up by an endosome, a change in the pH value in the ___induces the release of
the capsid contents into the cytoplasm
phagosome
172
When capsid is taken up by an endosome, a change in the pH value in the phagosome induces the __of
the capsid contents into the cytoplasm
release
173
Activation of reverse transcriptase (RT) takes place in the ___to transcribe the single-strand HIV
RNA genome into DNA (complementary DNA or cDNA)
cytoplasm
174
Activation of reverse transcriptase (RT) takes place in the cytoplasm to transcribe the single-strand HIV
RNA genome into ___
DNA (complementary DNA or cDNA)
175
In parallel to DNA synthesis, the ___strand is degraded enzymatically by RNase H, followed by conversion
of single-stranded cDNA into double-stranded DNA (proviral DNA) by the DNA-dependent DNA polymerase
activity of RT
RNA
176
In parallel to DNA synthesis, the RNA strand is degraded enzymatically by RNase H, followed by conversion
of single-stranded cDNA into double-stranded DNA (proviral DNA) by the DNA-dependent DNA polymerase
activity of __
RT
177
___DNA is transported via nucleopores into the cell nucleus in the form of a complex consisting of the
integrase (IN) and linear or circular proviral DNA
proviral DNA
178
proviral DNA is transported via ___into the cell nucleus in the form of a complex consisting of the
integrase (IN) and linear or circular proviral DNA
nucleopores
179
proviral DNA is transported via nucleopores into the cell nucleus in the form of a complex consisting of the __
integrase (IN) and linear or circular proviral DNA
180
__then inserts at random the proviral genome into the human host cell genome.
integrase
181
Integration of the ____ DNA finalizes the HIV infection of the cell and the establishment of a persistent
infection
proviral
182
as attachment for host DNA-dep RNA polymerase for transcription
LTR promoter
183
copy the (+) RNA
genome producing ss (-) DNA
strands
reverse ranscriptase enzymes
184
DNA-dependent DNA
polymerase enzymes then copy
the (-) DNA strands to produce a
dsDNA intermediate
185
then copy the (-) DNA
strands to produce ss (+) RNA
genomes.
DNA-dependent RNA-polmyerase
186
RNA retroviruses process of infection
+ssRNA > -ssDNA > dsDNA > +ssRNA (viral mRNA or viral genome)
187
Maturation of the HIV particle takes place by cleavage of the __ and ___ precursor
proteins (p55, p160) into individual proteins at the end of the budding process and during release
of virions from the cell.
Gag and Gag/Pol precursor
188
Maturation of the HIV particle takes place by cleavage of the __ and ___ precursor
proteins (__ , __) into individual proteins at the end of the budding process and during release
of virions from the cell.
p55, p160
gag
gag pol precursor
189
Maturation of the HIV particle takes place by cleavage of the Gag and Gag/Pol precursor
proteins (p55, p160) into individual proteins at the end of the ___process and during release
of virions from the cell
budding
190
attachment of HIV to a CD4-positive cell around what time
30 min up to 2h
191
transcription of the viral RNA genome into the proviral DNA is completed after approximately
6h
192
integration into the host genome takes an additional __ h.
6
193
first virus particles are detectable after approximately ___
12h
194
9f unrestricted a daily turnover of ___ viral particles is expected, i.e. newly produced by
infected cells and destroyed by the immune system
10^8 and 10^9
195
does viral RT have proofreading activity
no
196
Assuming a mutation rate of 1 in __ nucleotides per genome during one replication
cycle, a broad spectrum of various quasi-species can therefore develop in a patient in
the course of time
10^4
197
Since ___for neutralising antibodies are also affected by mutation, these quasispecies continually evade the immune system, infect new cells and therefore maintain
HIV production
epitopes
198
s a specific region on an antigen (like a protein or other molecule) that's recognized by the immune system, specifically by B-cells (which produce antibodies) and T-cells.
epitopes
199
§ Not all nucleotide changes result in the exchange of an __acid.
amino
200
§ mutations in essential regions of the ___proteins or influencing active centers of
enzymes give rise to replication-incompetent HIV mutants.
structural
201
what infected WBC eliminated with a half-life of 2-4 days from the blood
of an HIV-infected person by
T lymphocytes
202
Infected T lymphocytes eliminated with a half-life of 2-4 days from the blood
of an HIV-infected person by what (3)
cytotoxic HIV components
lysis of host cells
cytotoxic T lymphocytes as part of immune response
203
These and simultaneous inhibited production of such cells result in - gradual
decline of ___ cells.
T helper cells
204
§ HIV-specific proteins like __and __ are responsible for insufficient
maturation and replacement of T helper cells - Hence, part of the new produced T helper lymphocytes do not develop normal functions.
Nef
Tat
205
downregulates MHC-I expression in HIV-1 infected cells.
Nef
206
is a group of genes that code for cell surface proteins involved in the immune system's ability to recognize foreign substances and distinguish self from non-self
Major histocompatibility complex
207
After a long-lasting HIV infection, the continuous loss of T helper
lymphocytes results in ___
immunodeficiency
208
HIV integrated into the host genome of long-lived cells like
___, __ or __ cells can persist in the latent
stage for several years (half-life of certain target cells is 7 years)
macrophages
astrocytes
memory T cells
209
Activation of such cells results in the production of infectious HIV
particles.
long-lived cells
210
staging of HIV using CD4 count and percentage
32-50 CD4%
<600
normal
211
staging of HIV using CD4 count and percentage
<14 CD4%
<200
AIDS, severe immune suppression
212
three phases of HIV-1 infection
acute infection
clinical latency
AIDS
213
– replication to high levels;
majority of intestinal mucosal CD4+ T cells are
destroyed since they are nearly all CCR5+, HIV-1
is cytolytic and R5 HIV-1 predominates
what stage of HIV-1 infection
acute infection
214
comprise half of CD4+ T cells in
the body in acute infection of HIV
mucosal t-helper
215
when anti-HIV-1 T helper
cells, CTL, and antibody-producing B cells
suppress viral replication maintained for years
what stage of HIV-1 infectoin
clinical latency
216
§ Replication persist in lymphoid tissues
§ More CD4+ T cells are lost
§ Viral load on increasing trend
what phase of HIV infection
clinical latency
217
- CD4+ T-cell count of less than 200
per microliter of plasma; presence of
opportunistic infection
what phases of HIV infection
AIDS
218
in HIV infection there is PGL
– persistent generalized
lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes)
219
In ___phase the viral load
may drop to <102 genome copies/ml
or to undetectable levels from virus
titres of 105-109
asymptomatic
220
blood and cervicovaginal secretions or
seminal fluids of infected persons are
still ___in latent phase
infectious
221
day __ post infection HIV RNA can be
detected in blood
11
222
after 2 weeks HIV ___ can be found in
blood lymphocyt
DNA
223
stability of HIV is due to function of
lipid envelope
224
HIV is stable for several hours at a pH between
3 and 10
225
HIV is stable over several hours against what radiation
UV light
gamma irradiation
ultrasonic waves
226
§ In contrast to other viruses, treatment of platelet concentrates with __
light reduced HIV titres only slightly.
UVC
227
Treatment with 20% ___already somewhat reduces the titres of
infectious virus
20
228
efficiently inactivated within minutes by treatment with 70% ethanol,
50% isopropanol, 4% formaldehyde or peracetic acid as well as strong
detergents like sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), NP-40 or Triton X-100
at a concentration of ≥1%.
HIV
229
§ At ___temperatures HIV is relatively stable:
lower
230
At ___ °C, a slight but continuous decline in the titre of HIV occurs
(reduction of the genomic titre by approximately 15,000 copies/year)
and degradation of HIV RNA.
-20oC
231
hence, specimens preserved for ___purposes should be stored at a
temperature below −20 °C.
forensic
232
below −70 °C HIV sample is
idenfinite
233
HIV stored at 4oC will last for __
several months
234
§ At ___temperature, t/2 of HIV is approximately 2 days
body
235
In storage of 6 weeks at 4 °C of a ___ donation, a titre reduction of 1.5half-lives is to be expected for a virus load of 100,000 (105) particles/ml
blood
236
- one human infectious dose (HID) has how many HIV particles
500-1000
237
In EDTA blood and EDTA plasma __ appeared to be stable, and a
reduction of RNA titres of < 0.5 log10 was determined after incubation at 4
°C for 7 days, at 25 °C for 3 days and at 30 °C for 2 days [57].
HIV RNA
238
about 100,000 copies/ml
viral load of HIV?
high viral load
239
below 10,000 copies/ml
viral load of RNA?
lower HIV viral load
240
Less than 20 copies; compatible with normal; little risk of infecting
others
viral load of HIV?
undetectable
241
§ Three main transmission routes:
sexual route
blood or blood product route
mother to child transmission
242
can occur when infected sexual secretions come in
contact with genital, oral or rectal mucous membranes of another (majority)
sexual transmission
243
This accounts for the infections in intravenous drug users,
hemophiliacs and recipients of blood transfusions and blood products
blood or blood product route
244
occur in utero from 12th week to final
trimester (>90%); shortly after birth; and via breast milk
mother to child transmission
245
via intact mucous membranes, eczematous or injured skin or mucosa – higher/lower dose
is required
higher
246
can HIV be transmitted via organ transplantation (how many days after infection of donor?)
yes
5-6
247
almost eliminated as risk factors for HIV transmission are
transmission from infected mother to fetus
infection from blood products
248
as of jan 2023, there are __ cases of HIV
110,736 cases
249
- a low-HIV-prevalence country, with 0.1 percent of the
adult population estimated to be HIV-positive.
Philippines
250
But the rate of ___in infections is one of the highest. As of
August 2019, the Department of Health (DOH) AIDS Registry in
the Philippines reported 69,629 cumulative cases since 1984.
increase
251
§ HIV was declared a national emergency in the country in ___
2017
252
§Global total to ___ million people living with HIV (PLWH).
38.4
253
prevention of HIV/AIDS can be via
Practice celibacy
Practice monogamy
Protected sex—Use of condom
Do not use drugs, especially injectables
Use clean needles/syringes
Use clean blood for transfusion
254
is an HIV medicine taken by people who do not have HIV that reduces the risk of getting HIV from sex by about 99% and from injection drug use by at least 74%.
HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis
255
Women who have HIV-infection/AIDS
should avoid __to prevent
infecting their future children
pregnancy
256
Medical workers should avoid getting
smeared with HIV-contaminated
___
blood
257
PCR/Viral Load can be detected via what tests and targets
RNA detection
Antigen detection
Antibody detection
RNA detection
258
P24 antigen can be targeted via
RNA detection
Antigen detection
Antibody detection
Antigen and antibody detection
259
4th generation antigen/antibody (P24+ELISA) can be detected using
RNA detection
Antigen detection
Antibody detection
antigen
antibody
260
1st/2nd/3rd generation antigen tests (ELISA) can be used to detect
RNA detection
Antigen detection
Antibody detection
antibody
261
western blot is used to detect
RNA detection
Antigen detection
Antibody detection
antibody detection
262
rapid antibody tests (finger stick or oral swab) can be used to detect
RNA detection
Antigen detection
Antibody detection
antibody detection
263
treatments for HIV
Plasma HIV RNA suppression is achieved
through regular antiretroviral therapy (ART)
264
treatment for HIV but have neuropsychiatric symptoms, such as vivid
dreams, severe depression, or suicidal
ideation, which have been reported in up to
50% of patients
lamivudine/TDF/efavirenz (LTE)(<2019)
265
treatment for HIV integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI)
TDF/lamivudine/dolutegravir (TLD) (2020)
