HLST200 7-12 Flashcards
Final review (188 cards)
1
Q
Define ‘‘Cancer’’
A
the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. Term cancer refers to a group of more than 100 diseases characterized by abnormal cell growth.
2
Q
How does cancer (general) progress?
A
Normal cells follow the code of instructions embedded in DNA, cancer cells do not. If the DNA within the nucleus becomes altered, the cells become out of control. The nucleus no longer regulates growth. The abnormal cell divides to create other abnormal cells, which again divide, eventually forming neoplasms or tumours, which can either be benign (slightly abnormal, not considered life-threatening) or malignant (cancerous).
3
Q
What are the 4 types of cancer?
A
●Carcinoma: most common kind, starts in the epithelium, the layers of cells that cover the body’s surface or line internal organs and glands
● Sarcoma: forms in the supporting or connective tissues of the body: bones, muscles, blood vessels
●Leukemia: begins in the blood-forming tissues (bone marrow, lymph nodes, and the spleen)
●Lymphoma: arises in the cells of the lymph system, the network that filters out impurities
4
Q
Define neoplasm
A
a new abnormal growth of a tissue in the body which can be cancerous
5
Q
What are the risk factors for breast cancer?
A
risk increases with age.
-age at menarche, age at birth of first child, breast biopsies, estrogen, family history
6
Q
How can breast cancer be detected?
A
Combo of clinical breast exams and mammograms, routine BSE no longer recommended but should check for abnormalities.
7
Q
What is the treatment for breast cancer?
A
Surgery, radiation, drugs
Lumpectomy, modified radial mastectomy, exemestane
8
Q
What is cervical cancer?
A
- starts in the cells of the cervix
- Squamous cell cancer, the most common cervical cancer, starts in cells that line the surface of the cervix
9
Q
What are the risk factors for cervical cancer?
A
Infection with certain types of HPV (not every HPV becomes cervical cancer), early age of first intercourse, multiple sex partners, genital herpes, significant exposure to second hand smoke
10
Q
How can you prevent cervical cancer?
A
HPV vaccine and regular Pap tests
11
Q
What are the risk factors for colon and rectal cancer?
A
age (especially those over 50), polyps (small growths on the inner wall of the colon and rectum), a family history, diet, obesity, physical inactivity, heavy alcohol consumption, smoking, and living with inflammatory bowel disease
12
Q
What are colon polyps and what are the risks?
A
fleshy growths that usually begin growing in the epithelium lining of the bowel, common especially in older adults, many are benign, but when some are left untreated they can grow into the muscle layers underneath the epithelial lining, go through the bowel wall, and develop into an adenoma, special type of polyp that is likely to become cancerous
13
Q
What is an adenocarcinoma?
A
malignant tumour in the epithelial tissue
14
Q
Symptoms of colorectal cancer are..?
A
bleeding from the rectum, blood in the stool, or a change in bowel habits
15
Q
Screening methods for colorectal cancer
A
the fecal occult blood test, detects blood in a person’s stool.
The flexible sigmoidoscopy, can detect between 50 and 65 percent of colon rectal cancers (CRC). This test examines the sigmoid colon, where 60 percent of colorectal cancers are found. A colonoscopy examines the entire colon. During this procedure, lesions or polyps can be removed. This screening method is advised for people who are at a high risk for CRC
16
Q
Treatment of colorectal cancer
A
surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy
17
Q
What is lung cancer
A
begins with development of abnormal cells in the lungs, cells form lumps and can grow into tumours, which can be benign or malignant.
18
Q
What are the 2 types of lung cancer
A
1) non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): most common type and grows slowly
2) small cell lung cancer (SCLC): which grows quickly and can spread to other parts of the body
19
Q
Risk factors for lung cancer
A
smoking, others include air pollution, family history of lung cancer, previous diagnosis of lung cancer, exposure to asbestos, arsenic, chromium, nickel, radon gas
20
Q
symptoms of lung cancer
A
early stages usually show no symptoms but as it progresses symptoms may include:
- cough that wont go away
- shortness of breath or wheezing
- constant chest pain, especially when you cough
- frequent chest infections
- coughing up blood
- deep sense of fatigue
- loss of appetite/ unexplained weight loss
21
Q
How is lung cancer diagnosed?
A
x-rays, ultrasounds, CT scans, MRIs, sputum cytology, biopsies of the tumour site, blood tests
22
Q
Treatment of lung cancer
A
- Surgery is most common for non-small cell lung cancers that have not grown to a large size and have not spread to other tissues. Surgeon can remove a wedge section, the lobe of the lung containing the tumour, or the entire lung.
- Radiation treatment is used to treat a tumour. Radiation damages the cancerous cells. Unfortunately, the beam of radiation can also damage any cells in the path of the external beam. Other side effects include fatigue and skin damage where the treatment was given. Chemotherapy may also be used as a treatment option. Pills or injection are the two most common chemotherapy options
23
Q
What is the leading cause of death from gynaecological cancers?
A
ovarian cancer
24
Q
what are the 3 types of ovarian cancer?
A
Epithelial cell cancer: begins in the cells that cover the outer surface of the ovary.
Germ cell tumours: begin in the egg cells within the ovary. This type is more common in young women and can even develop in young children.
Stromal tumours: start in the connective tissue cells that hold the ovary together
25
Risk factors for ovarian cancer
family history of ovarian or breast cancer, obesity, infertility (abnormality that interferes with conception may also play a role in cancer development), low levels of transferase
26
symptoms of ovarian cancer
often don’t develop symptoms until advanced stages but may experience: painless swelling of the abdomen, irregular bleeding, lower abdominal pain, digestive and urinary abnormalities, fatigue, backache, bloating, and weight gain
27
types of skin cancer
basal cell: involving the base of the epidermis, the top level of the skin
and squamous cell (involving cells in the epidermis).
- Malignant melanoma: deadliest type of skin cancer, starts in the melanocytes (cells that produce brown pigment and colour of skin). When the skin is exposed to the sun, the melanocytes make more melanin and cause the skin to get even darker. When melanocytes cluster together they form moles. While not usually cancerous, moles can be a site for melanoma.
-can start in any part of the body where melanocytes are found, such eyes, mouth, vagina, or under the fingernails. Often metastasizes to other parts of the body and is difficult to treat once that has occurred
-occurs more often in people over 40 but is increasing in younger (particularly those who had severe sunburns as a child) early diagnosis is key for successful treatment
28
risk factors of skin cancer
smoking, exposure to certain hydrocarbons in asphalt, coal tar, pitch may increase risk of squamous
-other risk factors include occupational exposure to carcinogens and inherited skin disorders, such as xeroderma pigmentosum and familial atypical multiple-mole melanoma.
29
Individuals at increased risk for skin cancer
- fair skin, light eyes, or fair hair -a tendency to develop freckles and to burn instead of tan
- a personal or family history of melanoma
- a large number of nevi, or moles (200 or more, or 50 or more if under age 20) or dysplastic (atypical) moles
30
Detection of skin cancer
```
Skin lesions (actinic keratoses), change in existing mole or development of new and changing pigmented mole.
Important indicators - ABCDE asymmetry, border, colour, diameter, evolving
```
31
Treatment of melanoma
biopsies are usually taken for a microscopic exam. Treatment is based on type of melanoma and the size, location, depth of the tumour.
-Highly curable if caught early usually with surgery alone. Once it has spread, chemotherapy with single drug or combination can temporarily shrink tumours in some people
32
Survival rate of metastatic melanoma
5 year survival is less than 10%
33
Risks of prostate cancer
increases with age, family history, exposure to the heavy metal cadmium, high number of sexual partners, and history of frequent sexually transmitted infections. An inherited predisposition may account for 5 to 10 percent of cases.
34
How can prostate cancer be detected
screening test that measures prostate-speific antigen (PSA) has revolutionized diagnosis: Canadian cancer society reminds us PSA cannot diagnose cancer, but can help detect a problem with the prostate. If PSA levels are high, follow up tests are needed (which can help find the cancer before it spread)
35
What is testicular cancer?
starts in the cell of the testicle
36
risk factors of testicular cancer
men with an undescended testicle, college/ uni age men at highest risk (18-35)
37
signs of testicular cancer
Often first sign is a slight enlargement of one testicle. May be a change in the way it feels when touched. Sometimes men with testicular cancer report a dull ache in the lower abdomen or groin, along with a sense of heaviness or sluggishness. Lumps on the testicles also may indicate cancer
38
Treatment for testicular cancer
generally involves surgical removal of the diseased testis, sometimes along with radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and the removal of nearby lymph nodes. The remaining testicle is capable of maintaining a man’s sexual potency and fertility. Only in rare cases is removal of both testicles necessary. Testosterone injections following such surgery can maintain potency. The chance for a cure is very high if testicular cancer is spotted early.
39
What are some general ways you can prevent cancer?
- Eliminating tobacco use
- Reducing alcohol consumption
- Reducing prolonged exposure to sunlight/ eliminating artificial tanning
- Reducing exposure to infections
40
What is type 2 diabetes?
the pancreas doesn’t produce sufficient insulin to meet the body’s needs or does not properly use the insulin it does make. It is a progressive
41
what is gestation diabetes mellitus
temporary condition that occurs during pregnancy. Defined as hyperglycemia or high blood sugar with the first recognition of pregnancy. It carries an increased risk of developing diabetes for both mother and child.
42
Example of a simple carbohydrate
lactose in milk, fructose in fruit, added sugars (in candy etc)
43
Example of a complex carbohydrate
nuts, grains, vegetables, beans
44
Difference between dietary and functional fibre
Dietary fibre is a non-digestible form of carbohydrate (naturally in plants). Functional fibres is a non-digestible form of carbohydrate that has been isolated and extracted to be added to food. Total fibre is the sum of both.
45
types of insoluble fibre
cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose
46
saturated fats
o Saturated fats: carbon atom is saturated with hydrogen atoms ex: animal fat and butter. When you eat a diet high in saturated fats a rise in bad LDL cholesterol rises
47
unsaturated fats
are fats with more than one double bonded (unsaturated) carbon in the molecule.
Monounsaturated: improve bad cholesterol (olive oil and peanut oil)
Polyunsaturated fat: include omega 3 (fish, walnut, flax) which helps prevent blood clots and lower triglycerides and omega 6(safflower oil, sunflower oil, corn oil and sunflower seeds) lower LDL and may lower HDL so eat in moderation.
Trans fat: is a partially hydrogenated oil which is a unsaturated fat and can be found in baked goods and fried food. This unsaturated fat acts like a saturated fat by increasing LDL and lowering HDL cholesterol and gram for gram trans fat is twice as damaging as saturated fat. No safe amount
48
vitamins
essential to put macronutrients to use for growth regulation, tissue maintenance and releasing energy from foods.
49
symptoms of too much vitamin E
blurred vision, diarrhea, headache, nausea, etc
50
too much b6
can cause neurological damage, numbness in mouth and tingling in the hands
51
minerals
essential for vitamin absorption, help build ones and nervous system.
52
mineral recommended amounts
100mg for major minerals (sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphate)
10mg of trace minerals (iron, zinc, selenium, molybdenum, iodine, copper, manganese, fluoride, chromium)
1mg of calcium
53
Sodium
maintains proper fluid balance, regulates blood pressure, transmits muscle impulses. Too much sodium is usually okay for canadians but those with blood pressure problems and stroke must watch their intake as it can be dangerous
54
reasons for variety in the diet
- helps maintain healthy and interesting diet
- wider access to variety of micronutrients and phytochemical
- dilution of food toxins
- food enjoyment
- disease prevention (diabetes, cancer, CVD)
55
I want antioxidant benefits. Should I? Supplements or fruit?
During the normal course of functioning, the body produces “free radicals,” which react with other compounds and can lead to the damage of living cells. Antioxidants can neutralize free radicals and may lower the risk of developing cancer, heart disease, and other illnesses.
While it may be tempting to consider using antioxidant supplements, as Hales and Lauzon (2015) suggests, the evidence supporting their positive impact is conflicting and weak. Most studies that examine the effect of nutrients on a particular disease are studying foods rather than pure substances. This distinction is important because something other than antioxidants in these foods may be producing a positive effect on free radicals, or an interrelationship between several nutrients may be the underlying mechanism that leads to a particular health benefit. The best way to obtain the positive effects of antioxidants is from a diet rich in fruits and vegetables.
56
potential deficiencies of vegan/vegetarian diet
protein, iron, b12, calcium and vitamin D
57
dietary differences between men and women
they can eat same foods- but different nutritional needs. most men are bigger and taller than women and should consume more calories. Eating more means its easier for them to get the nutrients they need
58
how much folic acid should pregnant women take
multivitamin with 400 micrograms
59
benefits of folic acid for men
may cut the risk of heart disease, stroke, and colon cancer.
60
list factors that contribute to obesity
race and ethnicity, more calories, bigger portions, fast food, hunger and satiety, physical inactivity, passive entertainment, prenatal factors, developmental factors, genetics, emotional influences, social networks, social determinants
61
list symptoms of disordered eating
- Restricting calories or food intake
- Excessive or compulsive exercise
- Self-induced vomiting
- Drug use to control eating or weight gain
- Frequent weighing
- Emotional discomfort after eating
- Pre-occupation with food and calories
- Rigidity in eating and exercise schedule
- Excessive weight-lifting to increase muscularity
- Strained interpersonal relationships because of food, eating patterns, or rigid exercise schedules
- Frequent weight fluctuation
- Throat problems
- Puffy cheeks
- Swollen glands
- Callused knuckles
62
what is NEAT
non-exercise activity thermogenesis would be unplanned physical activities such as fidgeting and pacing.
63
set point theory
individual has an unconscious control system in the brain for regulating appetite to keep fat at a predetermined set point. a healthy caloric intake and regular physical activity is the only way to work with personal set points.
64
energy-balance equation theory
suggests that our weight will remain constant if our caloric input (energy in) and caloric output (energy out) is balanced. Any calories consumed in excess of what our body uses will be converted to fat tissue. If we do not take in enough calories, the result will be weight loss.
65
dietary fat theory
Some studies have shown that consuming a diet high in fat calories will result in being overweight or obese. The dietary fat theory differs from the energy-balance equation theory in that it suggests that all calories are not the same. Weight-control intervention studies that focused on low-fat diets have found promising results.
66
list different types of relationships
- friendships
- hooking up
- dating
- friends with benefits
67
intimacy
the open, trusting sharing of close, confidential thoughts and feelings—comes from the Latin word for within. Intimacy doesn’t happen at first sight or in a day or a week or a number of weeks. Intimacy requires time and nurturing; it is a process of revealing rather than hiding, of wanting to know another and to be known by that other. Although intimacy doesn’t require sex, an intimate relationship often includes a sexual relationship.
68
love
Social scientists have distinguished between romantic love (intimacy and passion), companionate love ( intimacy and commitment), fatuous love (passion and commitment), and consummate love ( intimacy, passion, and commitment). Mature love is a complex combination of intimacy, passion, and commitment—or consummate love, as Sternberg describes it.
69
types of families
traditional family that once included two heterosexual parents and children has shifted into a more complex variation of married couples that include families without children, same-sex marriages, remarriages, stepfamilies, empty- nesters, multiple generations living together, and Canadians living alone
70
crucial ingredients for commitment according to Robert Sternberg
- shared values
- willingness to change in response to each other
- willingness to tolerate flaws
- a match in religious beliefs
- ability to communicate effectively
71
health issues for GLBT individuals
- mental health
- physical health
- violence and safety
- nutritional, fitness and weight
72
hysterectomy
involves surgically opening the uterus and removing the fetus. This is generally done from week 16 to week 24 of the pregnancy, primarily in emergency situations when the woman’s life is in danger or when other methods of abortion are considered too risky.
73
examples of preconception care
Preconception care—the enhancement of a woman’s health and wellbeing prior to conception in order to ensure a healthy pregnancy and baby—includes risk assessment (evaluation of medical, genetic, and lifestyle risks), health promotion (such as good nutrition and regular physical activity), and interventions to reduce risk (such as treatment of infections and other diseases and assistance in quitting smoking or drug use).
74
primary causes of infertility
age, abnormal menstrual patterns, suppression of ovulation, and blocked fallopian tubes
75
fertility ranges
peaks between ages 20 and 30 and then drops quickly: by 20 percent after 30, by 50 percent after 35, and by 95 percent after 40
76
causes of male infertility
usually linked to either the quantity or the quality of sperm, which may be inactive, misshapen, or insufficient (less than 20 million sperm per millilitre of semen in an ejaculation of three to five millilitres). Sometimes the problem is hormonal or a blockage of a sperm duct. Some men suffer from the inability to ejaculate normally or from retrograde ejacu- lation, in which some of the semen travels in the wrong direction, back into the body of the male
77
variations of artificial insemination
intrauterine insemination (IUI), which usually includes ovarian stimulation and preparation of the semen. Another variation is donor insemination (DI). Sperm from a donor is used to achieve pregnancy when the husband or partner has few or no sperm, has sperm of poor quality, or might risk passing on an inherited disease
78
sterility in women
tubal ligation or tubal occupation
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pregnancy rates for in vitro insemination
39 percent for women under 35 years old, 31 percent for women aged 35 to 39, and 16 percent for women who were 40 years and older.
80
list strains of viruses
filoviruses, hepatitis virus, herpes virus, influenza virus, papillomavirusses, retroviruses, rhinoviruses and adenoviruses, slow viruses
81
methods of transmission for diseases
direct contact, indirect contact, droplet transmission, airborne transmission, common vehicle transmission
82
body immunity mechanisms
- Skin: when unbroken, keeps out most potential invaders
- Tears, sweat, skin oils, saliva and mucous contain chemicals that can kill bacteria
- Cilia (tiny hairs lining respiratory passages) move mucous (that has trapped inhaled bacteria, virsus, dust and foreign matter) to the back of the throat where its swallowed and the digestive system destroys the invader
- Body uses sneezing, coughing to rid of viruses
-When these mechanisms cant keep you infection free, you immune system springs into action. The immune system (includes structures of lymphatic system, spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes, lymph vessels
83
types of immunity
Humoural immunity: protection provided by antibodies, most effective during bacterial or viral infections
Cell mediated immunity: 2 types of T.cells are responsible for cell mediated immunity, cell mediated immunity mainly protects against parasites, fungi, cancer cells, foreign tissue
84
prevention strategies for HIV
reducing incidence of unprotected sex, number of partners, delaying sexual initiation, decreasing incidence of other STIs, direction injection drug users into drug treatment programs, reducing needle sharing
85
herbal cigarettes
Herbal cigarettes do not contain tobacco or nicotine. Instead, they contain natural ingredients
86
true or false: clove cigarettes are healthier than regular
false, they contain higher levels of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide than regular cigarettes.
87
major chemicals found in cigarettes
nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide
88
women who smoke and use contraceptives have a __x higher risk of heart attacks than women who do neither
10
89
smoking can cause ___
cardiomyopathy
90
psychoneuroimmunology
relationship between our brain’s response to stress and our immune system
91
nutraceutical
a product isolated or purified from foods that is generally sold in a medicinal, non-food form. A nutraceutical is demonstrated to have a physiological benefit or to provide protection against chronic disease. Natural health products (NHPs) include nutraceuticals.
92
functional food
similar in appearance to, or may be, a conventional food that is consumed as part of a usual diet that has physiological benefits and/or reduces the risk of chronic disease beyond the food’s basic nutritional function, (ex the food contains a bioactive compound).
93
fortified food
like a food combined with a vitamin pill
94
list the 4 characteristics of intimate relationships
behaviour interdependence
physchological need fulfillment
emotional attachment
emotional availability
95
sex/ gender
Sex refers to the biological sex while gender refers to the socially constructed characteristics of being male or female.
''gender identity''- sex that one relates with
96
what is cisgender / cissexual
gender identity matches the sex they were born with
97
personal characteristics associated with gender identity
self-image, physical and biological appearance, expression, behaviour, and conduct, as they relate to gender
98
compare homophobia and heterosexism
Homophobia is an irrational fear and hatred of GLBT individuals. This reaction often manifests itself through acts of violence, harassment, intolerance, and discrimination. Heterosexism is the assumption that heterosexuality is normal and that homosexuality is aberrant
99
half of all same sex couples live in which areas?
3 greatest metropolitan areas: Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver
100
some of the dangers of youth using media?
accidentally being exposed to pornography while surfing the internet, or bullying (cyber bullying, aggressive emails, hate comments) 74% of parents were aware of some type of cyber bullying against a child in their household. Girls are more likely to be bullied.
101
4 stages of arousal
excitement/arousal, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
102
4 legal environments concerning sex work
Criminalization, partial criminalization, legalization, decriminalization
103
some reasons people enter the sex work industry
Periods of financial need or outright poverty are often key drivers, however, others choose this work to explore their sexuality, to validate their desirability, and to be a part of something that defies social-sexual norms and values
104
name some push and pull factors for people to purchase sex work
“push”:
Not having their emotional needs met: Men report being lonely, either because they are unable to find an intimate partner, are widowed, or find that intimacy is no longer present in their long-term relationship
Age: Some younger men are finding it difficult to find girlfriends and wives in today’s society because there are fewer social opportunities to meet women due to an increasing emphasis on on-line social interaction. Some older men find that conventional relationships are unable to satisfy all their sexual and emotional needs and that it is a “myth” that marriage is provides personal fulfillment
Unsatisfactory sexual relationships. Sex industry allows men to choose sexual partners with certain physical characteristics and who will perform specific sexual acts
Unease with conventional dating etiquette: Some men find traditional “courting rituals” (e.g., ask a woman out on a date, take her out for dinner or spend money on her), and hope the date exhausting when sometimes what they are looking for is sex that is uncommitted, convenient, and at times, anonymous.
The factors “pulling” most men who purchase sex are as follows:
Marketing: the sex industry is heavily marketed as a form of entertainment, a means of escape and even luxury, which is very appealing to some
Illicitness: some men find the taboo nature of the sex industry thrilling and is a core motivation for purchasing sex
Opportunity: to purchase sex acts that are not available to men in their “real” lives either because they do not have a regular sexual partner, or because their partners are unwilling to engage in the kinds of sex acts that appeal to them.
105
conditions that hinder sexual function
sexual desire disorders (inhibited sexual desire), sexual arousal disorders (erectile dysfunction), orgasm disorders (premature ejaculation, retarded ejaculation) sexual pain disorders (dyspareunia, vaginismus)
106
effect of low self esteem on relationships
-if were lacking in self esteem, our relationships may suffer. Sometimes, individuals with negative views of themselves, seek out partners who are critical and rejecting – and who confirm their low opinion on their self worth.
other things low self esteem can do: research study showed low self esteem students were more likely to consume higher amounts of alochol, had more sexual partners, and had more risk taking behaviours linked to hiv transmission than other students. It may also sabotage a relationship (misreading of cues)
107
Characteristics of male/female relationships and challenges
-unique obstacles arise in male-female friendships, such as distinguishing between friendship and romantic attraction and dealing with sexual tension. When men and women overcome such barriers and become friends, they can benefit from their relationship— but in different ways.
For men, a friendship with a woman offers support and nurturance. What they report liking most is talking and relating to women, something they don’t do with their male buddies.
Women view their friendships with men as more light-hearted and casual, with more joking and less fear of hurt feelings. They especially like gaining insight into what men really think
108
Qualities that make a good friend
honesty, acceptance, dependability, empathy, and loyalty
| HADEL
109
long distance relationship can be defined by
living apart for not less than three months and being 321 kilometres (200 miles) away from their partner. The findings of this study indicate that long- distance dating relationships are not easy and that one in five relationships end. Another 20 percent reported that their relationships became more difficult
110
most common reaction to infidelity
Jealousy
111
most upsetting type of infidelity
emotional infidelity
112
factors in romantic attraction?
predictors ranked as the most important reasons for attraction were warmth and kindness, desirable personality, something specific about the person, and reciprocal liking
113
According to Dorothy tennov, what are the stages of love?
during the first wave of passion in the “in-love” stage, the person thinks of his/her love object about 30 percent of the time.
- During the second wave of passion, which can come months later, an individual can become nearly obsessed and think of the other person almost 100 percent of the time.
- The upside is a feeling of euphoria—that everything is perfect in the world, that nothing else really matters.
- The downside is a lack of productivity at work or school, isolation from family and friends, daydreaming, and an unrealistic view of the future of the relationship
- Tennov’s research also showed that the average life span of a romantic attraction or love is about two years. If it is a secretive affair, it may last a little longer
114
what are the 5 love languages?
● Words of affirmation—verbal compliments, words of appreciation, words that build others up, straight- forward or indirect statements that help someone feel worthy, wanted, or loved
● Quality time—focused and full attention, quality conversation, quality activities done together
● Giving gifts—inexpensive or expensive, purchased or handmade, a gift of presence—being available for a special event, a lasting tribute, a living gift
● Acts of service—housework, yard work, organizing a room, cooking dinner, buying the groceries, anything your partner has asked you to do in the past month
● Physical touch—as simple as a touch on the shoulder or a hug; handholding or massage; passionate sex
115
According to love and stonsy, what is the key to sustaining a long term relationship?
honour the basic law of human interaction—that of giving what we expect. Showing appreciation, cooperation, compassion, integrity, and love each day will help you and your partner develop a deep connection that can lead to a healthy and happy long- term relationship
116
cheap forgiveness vs refusing to forgive
cheap forgiveness as superficial and undeserved. Many of us give cheap forgiveness out of desperation to preserve a relationship. Be careful of giving this type of forgiveness. If often results in a cycle of more hurt and pain. Refusing to forgive might make you feel in control of the situation, but often deepens the feelings of regret and increases the feelings of revenge. It does not lead to reconciliation
117
what are some physical symptoms a dysfunctional relationship
headaches, digestive troubles, and an inability to sleep, can be signs of a destructive relationship
118
signs of emotional abuse
● attempting to control various aspects of your life
● frequently humiliating you
● wanting to know where you are—and who you are with—at all times
● becoming jealous or angry
● threatening to harm you
● trying to coerce you
119
high predictors of emotional discord
- Feeling that the partner you have chosen loves too little or too much
- high level of arousal during discussion
- defensive behaviour (making excuses, denying responsibility)
120
hormone that stimulates production of sex features
gonadatrophins
121
list genders
male, female, androgynous, intersex, transgender/transfolk/transperson
122
types of intercourse
oral, manual, genital/vaginal, anal
123
complete celibacy vs partial celibacy
complete celibacy - no masturbation or anything, partial celibacy, masturbation but no sexual interaction with others
124
what causes toxic shock syndrome
- Both Staphylococcus aureus and group A Streptococcus pyogenes
- most common in menstruating women under 30 who use tampons
125
CONSTANT-DOSE COMBINATION PILL/MONOPHASIC releases what 2 hormones
synthetic estrogen and progestin
126
which drugs are administered for a medical abortion
- methotrexate is given first – stops implantation of the embryo
- two days after, misoprostol is given: causes uterus to contract, expels fertilized egg and uterine lining. In Canada, many physicians are suggesting it be used on the fourth day.
127
what are the types of surgical abortion
Usually preformed 12-14 weeks from last normal menstruation,
(D&C)-> usually done 6-14 weeks after last period, gradual opening of cervix and removing dialter into uterus, suction tip is entered and contents drawn out
· D&E (Dilation and Evacuation): week 15-19
o Prostaglandis: (natural substance) are administered as vaginal suppositories or into the amniotic sac via a needle
- They induce uterine contractions and the fetus and placenta are expelled within 24-hours
Hysterotomy: surgically opening the uterus and removing the fetus
Psychological Impact on Abortion:
-post abortion trauma syndrome
-lack of self esteem, religious regions, stigma, keeping a secret
128
complications of pregnancy
- ectopic pregnancy (egg remains in Fallopian tube)
- miscarriage
- infection (flu like symptoms in adults can cause brain damage, retardation, liver disease, cerebral palsy, hearing problems, malformations in unborn babies)
- premature labour (before 37th week of pregnancy)
129
infertility is
failure to conceive after 1 year of unprotected intercourse
130
stages of childbirth
Stages of Childbirth:
-effacement (thinning) and dilation of the cervix, amniotic sac breaks
· Stage One: Latent stage, usually not uncomfortable, first contractions last 15-30 seconds every 15to 30 minutes, and increase intensity and frequency, ends when the cervix is completely dilated to 10 cm (5 finger widths), baby is ready to come down birth canal.
-Stage lasts 12-13 hrs
· Stage Two: baby moves to birth canal, strong contractions (lasting 60-90 seconds occurring every 2 to 3 minutes), baby’s head descends and baby is born
- doctor may preform episiotomy – incision from vagina to anus (to prevent irregular tear from babys head)
- can take up to an hour or more
· Stage Three: uterus contracts firmly and usually within 5 mins - placenta separates from uterine wall
-doctor may sew up episiotomy
131
common reason for caesarian
failure to progress
132
trends in contraception
- most used methods were condoms, OCs, and withdrawl
| - choice of contraceptive varied by age, higher odds of no contraception over 40yrs
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define cardiovascular disease
any disease that affects the structure and function of the heart and cardiovascular system, including disease to the coronary arties and veins, and arteries/veins throughout the body and within the brain
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4 most common types of cardiovascular disease
atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease (also known as coronary artery disease or ischemic heart disease), hypertension, and stroke
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define coronary heart disease
refers specifically to problems with coronary arteries, which provide blood circulation to the heart muscle.
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first _ hours following onset of a heart attack are crucial
2. most Canadians wait an average of 5.
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treatment for myocardial infractions/ heart attacks
acute myocardial infractions: thrombolytic agents administered through a catherer, threaded through the arteries of the site blockage or injected intravenously (cheaper, faster method) – agents can dissolve clots but don’t remove underlying atherosclerotic paque
angioplasty: surgical repair of an artery that has been clogged or obstructed. Cathered entered through groin area and is guided up through blocked artery (usually carotid artery in neck and corony artery in heart). A wire is then moved through catheter to blocked area, and another catether with a tiny blloon is pushed over the wire and into the area. Balloon is inflated and pressure against wall of artery allows for an opening of the artery. Stent (wire mesh tube) is sometimes placed in area of damage artery, keeping to keep it open. Balloon is removed.
Coronary bypass: helps restore blood flow to heart muscle. Healthy piece of artery from a patients leg, arm, chest, abdomen is grafted onto a coronary artery to detour blood around the blocked area.
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what determines blood pressure
-blood pressure is a result of the contractions of the heart muscle, which pumps blood through your body, and the resistance of the walls of the vessels through which the blood flows. Each time your heart beats, your blood pressure goes up and down within a certain range.
High blood pressure occurs when the artery walls have become constricted and the force exerted as the blood flows through them is greater than it should be.
Hypertension can accelerate the development of plaque buildup within the arteries.
When the heart must force blood into arteries that are offering increased resistance to blood flow, the left side of the heart often becomes enlarged ( essential hypertension
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blood pressure is highest when
the heart contracts (systolic pressure)
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uncontrollable factors for CVD
age,sex race/ethinicity, heredity, male pattern baldness, (sign they may metabolize male sex hormones differently)
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types of stroke
ischemic, hemorrhagic, embolic, transient ischemic/TIA or ''mini stroke''
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controllable factors for CVD
alcohol consumption, blood fats, healthy blood pressure, nutrition, physical activity , psychosocial factors (stressors), tobacco smoke, weight
metabolic syndrom and diabetes
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methods of diagnosing CVD
- electrocardiogram
- angiography/cardiac catheterization
- position emission tomography (PET scan)
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emphysema
the limitation of airflow is the result of disease changes in the lung tissue, affecting the bronchioles (the smallest air passages) and the walls of the alveoli (the tiny air sacs of the lung). Eventually, many of the air sacs are destroyed, and the lungs become much less able to bring in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. As a result, the heart has to work harder to deliver oxygen to all organs of the body. Cause is unknown, but has strong relationship with long-term cigarette smoking and exposure to air pollution.
- Inadequate oxygen supply combined with the stress of overexertion on the heart takes its toll on the cardiovascular system and eventually leads to premature death. Little can be done to reverse the effects of emphysema
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what is chronic bronchitis and risk factors
the bronchial tubes in the lungs become inflamed, thickening the walls of the bronchi, and the production of mucus increases. The result is a narrowing of the air passages. Smoking is more dangerous than any form of air pollution, but exposure to both air pollution and cigarettes is particularly harmful.
Smoking is the major risk factor for chronic bronchitis, although dust, fumes, and particulate matter in the air also contribute. Those who suffer from emphysema or chronic bronchitis often need respiratory devices.
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define allergy induced problems
occurs as a part of the body’s attempt to defend itself against a specific antigen or allergen by producing antibodies in response to its presence, some people overreact to the presence of harmless antigens or allergens.
Most common reactions are environmental agents such as: moulds, animal dander, pollen, ragweed, or dust.
Once excess antibodies to these antigens are produced, they trigger the release of histamines (chemical substances that dilate blood vessels), increase mucous secretions, cause tissues to swell and produce other allergy like symtpoms.
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Hay fever
chronic respiratory disorder, characterized by sneezing and itchy, watery eyes and nose, and is most prevalent when ragweed and flowers bloom. This disorder appears to have a genetic component. An overactive immune system and exposure to environmental allergens appear to be factors that determine vulnerability.
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Asthma
characterized by attacks of wheezing, difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, and coughing spasms. Most attacks are mild, however, they can trigger bronchospasms (contractions of the bronchial tubes) which can cause death in the absence of quick treatment. Attacks may be triggered by allergens such as dust, pollen, and animal dander, by emotional factors such as anxiety and stress, or by exercise.
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risk factors for osteoporosis
family history (a mother, grandmother, or sister with osteoporosis, fractures, height loss, or humped shoulders); petite body structure; Caucasian or Asian background; menopause before age 40; the rate of postmenopausal bone loss; smoking; heavy alcohol consumption; loss of ovarian function through chemotherapy, radiation, or hysterectomy; low calcium intake; and a sedentary lifestyle
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treatment of osteoporosis
hormone replacement therapy, but no longer recommended. Alternatives include raloxifene (Evista®), bisphosphonates (Didrocal®, Fosamax®, and Actonel®) that slow the breakdown of bone and may even increase bone density, and calcitonin, a naturally occurring hormone that increases bone mass in the spine. Other possible therapies are sodium fluoride, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and some forms of Vitamin D
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arthritis
inflammation of the joint
| -inflammation describing pain, stiffness, redness, swelling.
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osteoarthritis
most prevalent kind of arthritis, affecting more than three million Canadians. Another relatively common form is rheumatoid arthritis.
- it is a progressive deterioration of bones and joints – ‘’wear and tear’’ of aging
- occurs when cartilage (the tough elastic material that covers and protects the ends of bones) begins to wear away- cartilage is necessary: acts as shock absorber to joint and allows it to move smoothly
- the cartilage erodes, eventually resulting in pain, stiffness, swelling and bone-on-bone movement in the affected joint.
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rheumatoid arthritis
type of inflammatory arthritis and autoimmune disease. Can occur at any age, typically appears between 20-50. In RA, a target of immune attack is the lining of the joints and sometimes other organs such as eyes, lungs, heart.
- RA typically attacks synovial membrane (produces lubricating fluids for joints), causes swelling, pain, inflammation, joint destruction
- begins slowly, starts in a few joitns and spreads to others, over time it involves joints on both sides of the body in a ‘’symmetrical pattern’’ ex: left hand swollen, right probably is too
- theorized to be an autoimmune disorder
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types of headaches
most common types of headaches are tension and migraine. Tension headaches are generally caused by muscle contractions or tension in the neck or head. Recent research indicates that tension headaches may be a product of a more generic mechanism, by which chemicals deep inside the brain may cause the muscular tension and pain
- Triggers for this may be red wine, lack of sleep, fasting, menstruation, or other factors. The same symptoms (sensitivity to light and sound, nausea, and/or throbbing pain) may characterize different types of headaches.
- Migraine headaches include a pulsating pain on one side of the head in combination with dizzy spells, nausea, and a severe intolerance for light and noise. For some, migraines are preceded by a sensory warning sign known as an aura, such as flashes of light, flickering vision, blind spots, or tingling in the arms or legs, or sensations of odour or taste. These types of headaches can last for days.
- migraines usually peaks in adulthood (20-45) lifetime prevalence of migraine in Canada has been shown to be aprox 24% in women and 9% in men
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high-risk approach
begins by identifying those who are at high risk, usually by screening large sections of the population. For heart disease, screening involves identifying and treating persons with high blood cholesterol levels, especially those who also smoke and those who have hypertension.
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population approach
considers that everyone in the population can benefit from healthy lifestyle changes: increasing fruit and vegetable servings, increasing physical activity levels, or decreasing stress. The advantages of the population approach are that even those who are considered to be low risk are included in the program, and prevention activities are usually low-tech, and thereby, relatively low-cost.
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former smoker
not smoking but has smoked 100 cigarettes in lifetime
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ever smoker
combination of current and former smokers
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types of tobacco curing
Flue-cured or dried tobacco: heated to speed up process. Bright or Virginia tobacco.
Air-cured: Burley or Maryland Tobacco
Sun-cured: Oriental tobacco
Stems and leaves can be mixed and rolled into a sheet that is shredded, sometimes puff or squeeze dried.
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chemical in cigarette paper
titanium oxide: accelerates/ maintains burning cigarette
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downside to filtered cigarettes
may deliver more hazardous carbon monoxide than unfiltered brands
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additions in sauced tobacco
sugar/menthal oils, ammonia, glycerol, fruit extracts, spices, liquorice, chocolate, inorganic salts
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downside to smokeless tobacco
can cause cancer and non-cancerous oral conditions and lead to nicotine addiction. dependance - increased likelihood of become cigarette smoker
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powerful carcinogens in smokeless tobacco
nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, radiation-emitting polonium
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shallow puffs of cigarette:
increase alertness, low doses of nicotine facilitate neurotransmitter acetylcholine, makes smoker feel alert
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deep drags of cigarette
relaxes smoker, high doses of nicotine blocks flow of acetylcholine
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affects on body of smoking
- Mouth/Throat-> dulls taste buds, irritates the membranes
- Kidneys -> inhibits formation of urine
- Brain -> alters mood regulating chemicals, stimulates craving for more nicotine, dampens hunger
- Heart-> increases heart rate by 15-20bpm, increases blood pressure by constricting blood vessels, affects oxygen-carrying ability of hemoglobin: less oxygen reaches heart
- Lungs-> damages air sacs: affects lungs ability to bring in oxygen/remove carbon dioxide, increases mucuous secretion in bronchial tubes which narrows air passages
- Adrenal glands: stimulates adrenaline production
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health effects of smoking
-heart disease and stroke, cancer, respiratory diseases, other problems such as gum disease, stomach/duodenal ulcers, anxiety/panic attacks etc
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one successful characteristic of smoking quitters
see themselves as active participants in health maintenance and take personal responsibility for their health
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how long does it take after quitting smoking for risks of stroke to return to that of a non smokers
5-15 years
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how long does it take after quitting smoking for risk of coronary heart disease to cut in half
one year
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how long does it take after quitting smoking for risks of cancer to return to that of a non smokers
10 years
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how long does it take after quitting smoking for risks of heart disease to return to that of a non smokers
15 years
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what is aversion therapy (quitting smoking)
provides a negative experience every time a smoker has a cigarette. This may involve taking drugs that make tobacco smoke taste unpleasant, having smoke blown at you, or rapid smoking (the inhaling of smoke every six seconds until you’re dizzy or nauseated).
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active ingredient in nicotine-replacement therapy gum
nicotine resin
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most widely used psychotropic drug in the world
caffeine
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Health Canada recommendation for caffeine amounts daily
300mg (3 coffees)
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what determines your BAC
food, kind, quantity of beverage, weight, sex, and rate of elimination
*people who have suffered brain damage lose all tolerance for alcohol
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BAC of what will cause a person to pass out
0.2
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may die from a BAC of ___%
0.4, although people may lapse into a coma at 0.3
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alcoholic amount recommendations
should not exceed 13 standard drinks for males and 9 drinks for females (your own limit may be less depending on your sex, size, weight) weekly
Um, Canadian centre substance abuse says 10 a week for women, no more than 2 drinks per day most days, and 15 for men, no more than 3 drinks per day
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effects of heavy drinking
destroys the liver, weakens the heart, elevates blood pressure, damages the brain, increases risk of cancer
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characteristics of alcoholic intoxication
slurred speech, poor coordination, unsteady gait, abnormal eye movements, impaired attention or memory, stupor, or coma.
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how long does it take for an alcoholic drink to reach the blood stream
15 minutes, rises to peak concentration in 1 hr
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does alcohol raise or lower your body temperature?
lower
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definition of binge drinking
consumption of 5 or more alcoholic drinks in a row by men and 4 or more by women
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most perceived alcohol related harms
```
forced sex
legal trouble
physically injuring another person or yourself
unprotected sex
relationship damage
regret
forgetting where you were/what you did
getting into a fight
```
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alcoholic effects on women vs man
-higher risk of organ damage from heavy alcohol use
-higher risk of irreversible heart disease
-women drinkers at higher risk for heart disease, osteoporosis, breast cancer
-women have a far smaller quantity of a protective enzyme in the stomach to break down alcohol before its absnored, so women absorb 30% more into bloodstream than men
-travels through the blood to the brain quicker (may get drunk quicker)
other dangers to women:
infertility, menstrual problems, sexual dysfunction, PMS
