HLTH 350 Final Flashcards
(80 cards)
1
Q
Shaping the future of pandemics depends on:
A
- resource availability and deployment
- government response to the public health crisis
2
Q
government response to the public health crisis
A
-more than just increasing medical knowledge surrounding treatment and prevention
Rational Trust is fundamental for health promotion
3
Q
What is R0
A
Basic reproduction rate
4
Q
what is R0 used for
A
measure the transmission of possible disease
number of secondary infections produced by a typical case of an infection in a population that is totally susceptible
5
Q
for the R0 it depends on
A
duration of the infection period
- probability of infecting a susceptible individual
number of new susceptible individuals
6
Q
how does R0 vary
A
varies considerably for different infectious diseases but can also be for the same disease in different populations
7
Q
What is good governance according to the Human Rights Council
A
Transparency
Responsibility
Accountability
Participation
Responsiveness (of the people)
8
Q
what does the ladder of intervention demonstrate:
A
- health policies are political in nature
- not without contestation and not entirely
9
Q
Ladder of Intervention
A
shows the varying degrees of government action and curtailment of individual freedoms
10
Q
3 stages of the ladder of intervention
A
- Elimination of choice, guiding choice through public health education and information, the government does nothing at all
11
Q
Policy dilemmas during epidemics and pandemics
A
- policies most likely to promote healthcare are those that eliminate choice entirely and are seen as unpopular
- doing nothing and monitoring the situation is least likely to promote health and is often the easiest solution
12
Q
stringency index
A
composite measure based on 9 responsive indicators, including school closures, workplace closures, and travel bans, rescaled to values 0-100
13
Q
containment and health index
A
- measures the number and intensity of closures and containment policies and policies towards disease surveillance
14
Q
containment policy responses
A
school closures, workplace closures, travel bans, testing policy, contact tracing, face covering, vaccine policy
15
Q
define the precautionary principle
A
action should be taken to mitigate catastrophic risk even in the absence of complete evidence of the benefits fo the intervention or nature of risk
16
Q
The application of the precautionary principle should be
A
- proportional to the chosen level of protection
- non-discriminatory
- consistent with measures already taken
- based on examination of the potential health benefits and costs
- subject to review
17
Q
Vulnerability and who is impacted by responses
A
- Inequalities and disparities in educational opportunities
- migrant workers on the frontline
- housing and unhoused populations
- The elderly and long-term care homes
- Women
18
Q
what are civil liberties
A
commitment to secure protected rights and freedoms of individuals against incursion from state
(freedom of expression, freedom of assembly, mobility rights)
19
Q
freedom of expression and misinformation
A
social media and misinformation and disinformation, critics say these organizations should do more to stop the spread of infodemic during COVID-19 Pandemic
20
Q
Infodemic mitigation measures
A
- health education and early education on the various vectors of infodemics
- build public understanding of the evolving nature of science
- strengthen public understanding of science, of scientific processes and scientific evidence
21
Q
Digital surveillance and privacy rights
A
Rights and data surrendered temporarily
during an emergency can become very
difficult to get back
22
Q
unintended consequences of precautionary principle responses during COVID-19
A
- opioid deaths skyrocket in connection to mental health crisis
- global food crisis
- physical distancing for the unhoused population
23
Q
Integrity and trust in public procurement
A
- medical supplies procurement
- Arrive CAN and security, infringing on privacy, cost to develop
24
Q
Delivery of social welfare during pandemics
A
- CERB
- Covid aid payments being demanded
25
"global" in global health
- transnational determinants
- health issues that concern many countries
- emphasis on commonalities and not differences
26
Global Health Systems
The global health system is comprised of a group of actors whose primary goal is to improve health, along with the rules and norms governing interactions
27
Transnational Actors are engaged in
- improving health
- protecting health security
- promoting human rights
- responding to humanitarian crises
- facilitating international development
28
polylateral interactions
- The interaction among and governance of states and non-state actors. Which include interactions, between non-state actors, and states.
- State actors, non-state actors, multi-lateral and bilateral institutions
29
Global Health System arrangements
- delivery arrangements
- funding arrangements
- governance arrangements
30
4 Major challenges for global health governance
- sovereignty
- sectoral
- moral
- accountability
31
"chaotic" in a chaotic system with many actors challenge
- complicates coordination
- erodes authority/leadership of WHO
- leads to a fragmented response
32
challenges to Global health governance
- chaotic system with many actors
- funding shortfalls, due to economic crises, austerity and funding cuts
- lack of single motivating rationale
- GHG moves from 'low' to 'high' politics (geopolitical transition and tension)
- social media and misinformation leading to low trust
33
Essential Functions of the Global Health System
- production of public goods (research development)
- management of diseases and externalities across borders (contact tracing, travel bans, quarantines)
- mobilization of solidarity (finance, technical assistance, humanitarian assistance)
- stewardship (consensus building, global goals and priorities, negotiations)
34
Global Health Governance Definition
The use of formal and informal institutions, rules, and processes by actors to deal with challenges to health that require a cross-border collective action to address effectively
35
Global Health Priorities in the 21st Century
- considering what health issues need to be addressed
- actors
- frames
36
priorities - considering what issues need to be addressed
- consider the actors involved
- the types of frames they advance
- forms of collective action organized
37
priorities - Actors
- legitimacy
- power and resources
- motive and interests
38
priorities - frames
- linguistic, cognitive and symbolic devices used to identify, label, and interpret problems and to suggest particular ways to respond to them
- how the public understands and portrays global health issues
- encompasses beliefs about the issue causality and solution
39
frames used to advance global health issues and initiatives
securitization, moralization, technification
40
Millenium development goals
- eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
- promote gender equality
- improve maternal health
- ensure sustainability
- reduce child mortality
- combat HIV and AIDS other diseases
- achieve universal primary education
- develop a global partnership for development
41
MDG successes
- reduction of the big 3 (TB, HIV/AIDS/ Malaria)
- reduced child mortality rate
-reduced maternal mortality
- improved immunization coverage
42
MDG Shortfalls
- universal access to maternal health (family planning services)
- reducing maternal mortality (birth attended by a skilled professional)
43
MDG omissions
Neglected tropical diseases
44
what are neglected tropical diseases
- a diverse group of communicable diseases that prevail in tropical and sub-tropical conditions in 149 countries
- affect more than 16 billion people, primarily poor populations living in tropical climates
45
WHO NTD initiative
- covers 17 different NTDs
- viral (dengue)
- helminth (caused by worms; cysticercosis)
- bacterial (leprosy)
- protozoan (Chagas)
46
common features of NTDs
- diseases of poverty and disadvantaged
- affect populations with low visibility and little voice
- do not travel widely (distribution)
- cause stigma and discrimination (especially in girls and women)
- important impact on morbidity and mortality
- relatively neglected by research
- can be controlled, prevented, and possibly eliminated using effective and feasible solutions
47
The sustainable development goals
- a fundamental shift from MDGs to SDGs
- integrated and non-divisible in nature and universally applicable
- recognition of political factors in countries
48
Development assistance for health (DAH)
financial or in kind of assistance provided to other countries particularly low or middle-income countries by international development agencies in high-income countries by international development
49
components of DAH
- official funding source of the SDGs
- targetted to specific sectors and more effective
- complement funding
- essential in countries where private investments is limited and fragile economies
50
global food trends key messages
- Increased consumption of highly processed foods in high and middle-income countries, and increased rates of adolescent obesity
- globally food environments are changing but at the same time converging
- varied factors including socioeconomic changes, globalization, trade shape challenges, economics
- system approach that creates enabling environments for healthy eating are needed
51
stages of nutrition transition
1. paleolithic man/ hunter-gatherer
2. settlements begin/monoculture period/ emergence of famine
3. industrialization and receding famine
4. non-communicable diseases
5. desired societal/behavioural challenges
51
Nutritional Transition
the process by which societies become richer and diets alter towards more complex, sweeter, fattier, processed foods which in turn generate diet-related ill-health patterns associated with affluence
52
the nutritional paradox: the double burden
- a combination of malnutrition and obesity
* stunting, anemia, and obesity converging
- Africa and low-income seeing a combination of these factors
53
What accounts for the Nutritional paradox
- food security
- food sovereignty
- multiple malnutrition
54
food security
where all people at all times have physical, social and economic access to sufficient and safe nutritious food preferences for an active lifestyle
55
levels of food security
- Mild: uncertainty regarding ability to obtain food
- Moderate: compromising food quality and variety, reducing quantity and skipping meals
- Severe: no food for a day or more
56
food sovereignty
- emphasizes the rights of food producers, distributors, and consumers to have control over the food system, as opposed to corporations and market institutions
- right of peoples to healthy and culturally appropriate food produced through ecologically sound and sustainable methods, and their right to define their own food and agricultural systems
57
what drives hunger and influences what people eat
- political stability
- socioeconomic status
- the power of corporations
- climate variations
- the power of policymakers to effect change
58
International Food Aid
the provision of food commodities by one country to another, free of charge or under highly concessional terms, to assist the country in need meeting its food needs
59
food aid in Canada
- emergency food aid: a short term intervention to address the immediate needs of populations (refugees and displaced peoples)
- general food distribution
provision and distribution of specialized nutititious foods for targetted populations (young children, and pregnant and or lactating women)
- school meals
- providing food or other benefits in exchange for work
60
development food aid
medium to long-term response to help vulnerable people develop and enhance their income and become self-reliant
- distributing tools and seeds
- providing training in agricultural techniques
- supporting school feeding programs
- nutritional support
- improving logistics to transport food
61
tied food aid
aid which is in effect, tied to the procurement of goods and or services from the donor country and or a restricted number of countries
62
minimum standards for food aid
- appropriateness and acceptability
- food quality and safety
- equitable distribution - transparent supply chain management
63
motivations for volunteering abroad
altruistic vs self centred
64
altruistic reasons for volunteering abroad
desire to make a difference in those less privileged
65
Self-centric Motivations for volunteering Abroad
the desire to learn more about a culture or enhance career prospects
66
pillars of global health activities
- harmless
- sustainable commitments to the future (both economically and environmentally sustainable)
- community focus and inclusion
- cultural competence
- educational and empowerment
- skill and knowledge alignment
67
ALS and rare diseases in Black communities
- postal codes and health
- racial divides in the community
- age differences
68
Top Health issues facing Black Communities in St. Louis
- heart disease
- cancer
- stroke
- diabetes
69
ALS while black
- longer diagnostiv epriods after onset or no diagnostics at all
-"Late" inteventions that require emergency services
- neggative experiences with clinicians
- less engagement with doctors and resource partners
- frequent provider changes
- unlikely to participate in clinical trials or multidisciplinary clinics
70
Human Genome Project
- white focused and excluded racial variation within the data
- black Genome Project which is an equitable approach to genomics research
71
anthropological research to public health commitments
- racism as a primary understanding to health to health inequalities
- focusing on black life without comparison as the mode of analysis
- disrupting knowledge production
- homework and anthropology at home
72
Mercy Ships
an international faith-based organization that operates hospital ships run by skilled volunteers to provide direct medical care to patients
73
Direct medical services
women's health, maxillofacial, orthopedic, reconstructive, plastic, general, ophthalmic, dental
74
Education, training and advocacy - Mercy ships
capacity building healthcare education programs to reinforce sustainable medical care in Africa
75
determining if global health volunteering is right for you
- values: expressing altruistic and humanitarian values
- careers: a way to improve career prospects
- social: develop and strengthen social ties
- understanding: gain knowledge, skills and abilities
- enhancement: a way to grow and help the ego develop
- protective measures: a way of protecting the ego from the difficulties in life
76
practical solutions for strengthening global health volunteerism
make a personal commitment to have your intentions and your actions informed and shaped by your global health and ethical principles
- humility
- introspection
- solidarity
- solidarity
- social justice
- sphere sovereignty
77
mercy Ship approach to medical volunteerism
5-year partnership with each nation they support through interventions
1. protocol signalling
2. assessing the need
3. ship deployment
4. training and support
5. impact evaluation
78
ethical dilemmas with mercy ships
5 billion people lack access to safe timely and affordable surgery
79
challenges associated with international healthcare work
