HNN Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
boundaries carotid triangle
A
digastric, omohyoid, scm s
2
Q
boundaries post and anterior triangle
A
post- SCM, trapezius, clavicle
anterior- mandible, midline, SCM
3
Q
tonsils in waldeyers ring
A
palatine, pharyngeal, lingual, tubal
4
Q
muscles facial expression all
A
obicularis oris (oribital= tight), occipitofrontalis, obiculatis ores, buccinator, zygomaticus, risorius, platysma
5
Q
mastication muscles (which elevate, depress, retract/protract mandible?)
A
masseter (elevate), temporalis (retract and elevate), pterygoids (elevate and protract)
6
Q
which is more anterior, bregma or lambda?
A
bregma
7
Q
what is A
A
foramen retundum
8
Q
what is B
A
foramen ovale
9
Q
what is C
A
IAM
10
Q
what is D
A
jugular foramen
11
Q
what is E
A
foramen lacerum
12
Q
what is F
A
foramen spinosum
13
Q
what is G
A
carotid canal
14
Q
branches of internal carotid artery
A
anterior and middle cerebral, opthalmic (which gives supratroclear and supraorbital) and post. communicantes
15
Q
branches external carotid artery
A
Some Anatomists Like Freaking Out Poor Medical Students
Superior thyroid, ascending pharyngeal, lingual, facial, occipital, posterior auricular, maxillary, superficial temporal
16
Q
which is more lateral, subclavian or common carotid
A
subclavian
17
Q
describe route of facial drainage
A
- supraorbital and supratrochlear
- angular vein
- facial vein
- common facial vein
- IVJ
18
Q
describe route of scalp drainage
A
- superficial temporal
- occipital joins to form retromandibular
- posterior auricular joins to form EJV
- subclavian
19
Q
compare what drains into cavernous sinus vs pterygoid venous plexus
A
cavernous sinus- superior and inferior opthalmic artery
pterygoid venous plexus- deep facial vein
20
Q
compare bridging and emissary veins
A
Emissay veins are Exterior to bridging veins. they connect extracranial veins to DVS
bridging- intracranial viens to DVS
21
Q
compare causes of intracranial haemorrages
A
extradural- middle meningeal artery
subdural- bridging veins
subarachnoid- circle of willis
22
Q
role parietal, occipital, temporal and frontal lobes
A
parietal- spacial awareness, somatosensory perception
occipital- vision
temporal- smell and memory
frontal- higher cognition and voluntary motor control
23
Q
what makes up brainstem
A
midbrain, pons and medulla
24
Q
role of midbrain, pons and medulla
A
midbrain- movement of eye, auditory and visual processing
pons- feeding and sleep
medulla- CVS/resp
25
what is A
cerebellum
26
what is B
medulla
27
what is C
pons
28
what is D
midbrain
29
what makes up the forebrain
cerebrum and diencephalon
30
what makes up diencephalon
hypothalamus and thalamus
31
which cranial nerves pass through the cavernous sinus
ocolomotor, trochlear, Va, abducens
32
actions of oculomotor
ciliary muscles,
PS/S- sphincter pupillae, carries sympathetic fibres for superiror tarsal
extraocular muscles
33
describe intracranial route of trigeminal nerve
Va- CS, SOF
Vb- CS, foramen rotundum
Vc- foramen ovale
34
route of facial nerve
pons\> IAM\> stylomastoid foramen
35
role facial nerve
motor- muscles facial expression, digastric, stapedius, stylohyoid
SS- taste anterior 2/3 tongue (chorda tympani)
PS- submandibular, salivary, nasal, lacrimal
36
branches trigeminal
Va- frontal (gives supraorbital and supratrochlear) and nasocilary
Vb- infraorbital
Vc- mental, inferior alveolar, lingual, auriculotemporal
37
branches facial
intracranial- nerve to stapedius, chroda tympani, greater petrosal
extracranial- temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, cervical
38
describe the common route for glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve
medulla\> PCF\> jugular foramen\> carotid sheath
39
role glossopharyngeal
S- oropharynx, tonsils
SS/GS- posterior 1/3 tongue
PS- parotid
carotid sinus
40
role vagus
M- larynx/ pharynx
S- Larynx, laryngopharynx
PS- abdo viscera and heart
41
describe routes of hypoglossal and accessory
Medulla\> PCF\> carotid sheath
hypoglossal- hypoglossal canal
accessory- jugular foramen
42
what makes up forebrain and hindbran
forebrain- diencephalon, cerebrum, thalamus
hindbrain- medulla, cerebellum, pons
43
which cranial nerves carry PS fibres
oculomotor, facial, vagus, GF
44
which cranial nerves do the corneal refle
afferent- Va
efferent- facial
45
describe route of ICA
carotid sheath\> petrous temporal\> carotid canal
46
what is difference between cleft and pouch
cleft- ectoderm, outside
pouch- endoderm, inside
47
derivaties of arch 1
trigeminal nerve, muscles mastication, mandible, malleus, incus, aortic arch 1
48
derivatives of arch 2
facial nerve, facial expression, staphes and superior hyoid, aortic arch 2
49
derivatives of arch 3
glossopharyngeal, inferior hyoid, stylopharyngeus, aortic arch 3
50
derivatives of arch 4/6
vagus, larynx and pharync muscles, larynx caritlage, aortic arch 4.6
51
derivatives of the pouches
1- eustachian tube
2- palatine tonsil
3- thymus and parathyroid 3
4- parathyroid 4
52
derivatives of clefts
1- EAM
2-6 degenerate
53
how do brachial cysts form
clefts 2-6 not fully obliterated
54
what do the maxillary, mandibular, stomatodeum and 2nd arch form
1st arch- maxillary ptocess forms cheeks, maxilla, upper lip
mandibular process forms lower lip and mandible
2nd arch- external ear
stomatodeum- mouth
55
how does nose form
nasal placodes form nasal pits. nasal promininces fuse with nasal pits.
medial nasal prominence forms jaw, primary pallete, incisors.
lateral nasal prominence fuses with maxillary processes to form philtrum of upper lip and nose
56
how does pallate form and how does cleft lip/palate occur
palatal shelves fuse in midline with FNP, tongue drops to allow fusion. nasal septum also fuses with palatal shelf
cleft lip- no fusion of palatal shelves and FNP/maxillary process
cleft palate- palatal shelves dont fuse in midline
57
how do ears form, and how does FAS occur
auricular hillocks ascend and surround 1st pharyngeal arch, forms external ear
alcohol toxins prevents ascent, causes low set ears
58
how does tongue form
anterior 2/3- 1st pharyngeal arch
posterior 1/3- 2nd and 3rd pharyngeal arch
4th and 6th arch form larynx and epiglottis
59
how does thyroid form and hwo do thyroglossal problems occur
the foramen caecum forms a diverticulum that descends thorugh the neck, takes cells down to form thyroglossal duct. this forms thyroid
if thyroglossal duct persists- thyroglossal cysts/fistula
ectopic thyroid tissue occurs if any tissue is lost along the way
60
describe the sympathetic route for innervation HNN
1. hypothalamus
2. 1st order neurone descends in brainstem
3. synapses with second order neurone at T1/2, enters sympathetic chain
4. ascends in sympathetic chain, synapses with 3rd order neurone at superior cervical ganglion.
5. carried by ICA and opthalmic (eye) or ECA (sweat and salivary glands)
61
describe PS route HNN
1. arise in brain stem. only nucleus need to know is edinger westphal for oculomotor
2. carried by cranial nerves VII, X, IX, III (Pre-G)
3. synapse with PS ganglion (post-G)
ocolomotor- ciliary body
glossopharyngeal- otic
facial- submandibular and pterygopalatine
vagus- many
4. carried on fibres of distal branches of Va/b/c
5. innervates
oculomotor- sphincer pupillar and ciliary body
facial- salivary glands and lacrimal glands
vagus- heart/abdomen
glossopharyngeal- parotid gland
62
which 2 muscles prevent excessive vibrations of MAS
tensor tympani and stapedius
63
which nerves supply ear
outer- occipital, trigeminal, greater auricular
TM- vagus, facial. auriculotemporal
middle ear- GF
64
what is cholestoma
retraction of Tm causes sac to form, skin cells/keratin accumulate. secondary to ET dysfunction. grows and can impact midle ear structures.
65
where does fusion occur in otosclerosis
between staphes and oval window due to abnormal bone growth
66
compare active labrynthitis and acute vestibular neuronitis
acute labrynthitis involves all inner ear structures and has hearing loss and tinnitus
acute vestibular neuronitis does not have hearing loss/tinnitis
67
what is menieres disease
triad of hearing loss, vertigo and tinnitus
68
what is benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
episodes of vertigo triggered by movement of head.
69
how to position ear otoscope
pull ear up and back
70
which is rinnes and which is webbers
rinnes- ear
webbers- forehead
71
describe results of webbers and rinners
rinnes
conductive- bone louder than air
SN- air louder than bone
webbers
conductive- localises to affected side
SN- localises to unaffected side
72
most likely causative organism otis externa
psudonomas aeruginosa
73
if abducting first or adducting first, which muscles are more dominant
abducting first- rectus muscles
adducting first- olbique muscles
74
what are the two types of oculomotor nerve lesions
1. vasculopathic caused by diabetes/hypertension. pupil spared
2. compression caused by raised ICP, posterior communicating artery tumour. pupil affected
75
how does eye look in trochlear palsy
extorted. slightly elevated and adducted as cannot intort, depress and abduct eye
76
what does eye look like with abducens nerve palsy
unopposed pull of MR cuases eye being unable to abduct, causing diplopia that is worse on horizontal gaze
77
give the boundaries of the orbit
roof- frontal bone and lesser wing sphenoid
floor- maxilla, palatine and zygomatic
lateral- zygomatic and greater wing spnenoid
medial- ethmoid, maxilla, lacrimal and sphenoid
78
role of cones and rod
Cones- Colour
rods- black and white and night vision
79
symptoms orbital blowout fracture
anasthesia, periorbital swelling, diplopia, blurring
80
what causes closed angle vs open angle glaucoma
open angle- trabecular meshwork deteriorates
closed angle- narrowing of iridocorneal angle
both increase intraocular pressure by blocking drainage of aqueous humour
81
action of
SO
IO
MR
LR
IR
SR
superior obliqe- abduction, medial, inferior
inferior oblique- abduction, lateral rotation, superior
medial rectus- adduction
lateral rectus- abduction
inferior rectus- inferior
superior rectus- superior
82
give 1-11
1. ciliary muscle
2. cornea
3. anterior chamber
4. iris
5. lens
6. suspensory ligaments
7. choroid
8. sclera
9. fovea
10. optic nerve
11. retina
83
describe the H shape vision testing
84
boundaries of nasal cavity
roof- nasal, frontal, ethmoidal (cribidorm plate) and sphenoid
medial- ethmoid bone, the vomer bone, and the septal cartilage.
lateral wall- superior, middle and inferior nasal conchae.
85
blood supply to nasal cavity
sphenopalatine (bad), anterior and posterior ethmoidal
anastamose in kiesselbachs plexus
86
which is the most commonly infected sinus
maxillary
87
name of deformity when septal haematoma isnt drained
saddle deformity
88
boundaries and innervation different parts of pharynx
nasopharynx- base of skull to soft palate. Vb
oropharynx- soft palate to epiglottis. glossopharyngeal
laryngopharynx- epiglottis to laryngeal inlet. vagus
89
2 faucial pillars
anterior- palatoglossus
posterior- palatopharyngeus
90
muscles of pharynx
longitudinal
- stylopharyngeus (IX)
- palatopharyngeus (X)
- salpingopharyngeus (X)
constrictor
-superior, midde, inferior
91
what 2 muscles make up inferior constrictor muscle and what disease is linked
thyropharyngeal and cricopharyngeal muscle.
killians dehisence. when UOS is weak, abnormal swallowing or weakness of muscle.
92
muscles of tongue
extrinsic- all XII except palatoglossus which is X
palatoglossus, styloglossus, hyoglossus.
intrinsic- all XII
superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, transverse, vertical
93
ducts submandibuar, sublingual and parotid
submandibular and sublingual- whartons
parotid- stensons
94
are the cranial nerves in soft pallete ipsilateral or contralateral
ipsilateral
95
does uvula point away or towards side with lesion
away. from lesion
96
larynx cartilages
thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, epiglottis
97
larynx membranes
cricothyroid, thyrohyoid, cricotracheal
98
what forms
- true vocal cord
- false vocal cord
- aryepiglottic fold
true vocal cord- upper border cricothyroid
false vocal cord- lower border quadrangular
aryepiglottic fold- upper border quadrangular
99
muscles of larynx
intrinsic- all recurrent laryngeal exept cricothyroid which is external superior laryngeal.
posterior cricoaryteoid is the only muscle that abducts vocal cords
100
4 types of thyroid cancer
Papillary, follicular, hurthle, medullary, anaplastic
101
action superior rectus
elevation, adduction, intortion
more powerful elevator when eye is lateral
102
action inferior rectus
depress, adduct, extort
more powerful depressor when eye is positioned laterally
103
action superior oblique
intort, depress, abduct
more powerful depressor when eye is medially
104
action inferior oblique
extort, elevate, abduct
more powerful elevator when eye is medial
105
106
which artery gives off branches to middle of opthalmic disc
central retinal artery
107
macula purpose
high acuity vision
108
how is nasopharynx sealed
soft palette
109
how is laryngeal inlet sealed
epiglottis
110
how is glottis sealed
vocal cords abduct
111
where is
- greater petrosal
- chordae tympani/stapedius
given off
geniculate nucleus - greater petrosal
middle ear- chordae tympai/stapedius
112
which lymph node tongue
submental
113
what compresses the RLN
apex, AoA- LHS
SCA- RHS
