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HNS 2 Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

What are the three functions of the neck?

A

structural (supports and moves the head), visceral (contains airway + oesophagus), conduit for blood vessels (to head) and nerves (to thorax)

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2
Q

What are fascia?

A

connective tissue that contian mainly collagen fibres that separate compartments

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3
Q

function of fascia

A

prevents spread of infection and houses different structures

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4
Q

what are 5 fascia?

A

superficial, pretracheal, carotid sheath, investing and prevertebral (back of neck) fascia

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5
Q

what does the superficial fascia contain?

A

platysma

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6
Q

what does the carotide sheath contain

A

vascualr compartment on the left and right sides of the neck (bvs and nerves)

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7
Q

what does the pretracheal fascia contain?

A

-trachea
-oesophagus
-thyroid gland
-infrahyoid muscle

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8
Q

what does the prevertebral fascia contain?

A

-is the back of then neck and contains many muscles and vertebrae

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9
Q

what does the investing layer contain?

A

sternocleidomastoid muscle and trapezius muscle

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10
Q

what is the anterior triangle of the neck made up of?

A

-mainly muscles (platysma, deeper: mylohyoid, digastric and infrahyoid (strap) muscles)
-blood vessels: carotid arteries

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11
Q

What is the posterior triangle of neck made up of?

A

-external jugular vein (from brachiocephallic vein)
-subclavian artery and vein
-trunks of the brachial plexus
-phrenic nerve
-vagus nerve
-spinal accessory nerve

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12
Q

trunks of the brachial plexus supplies?

A

upper limb

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13
Q

phrenic nerve supplies?

A

diaphragm

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14
Q

vagus nerve supplies?

A

respiratory, cardiovasuclar, and GI responses

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15
Q

the spinal accessory nerve [IX] supplies?

A

the pair of muscles in the neck

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16
Q

what are the 4 infrahyoid (strap) muscles of the anterior triangle (look at diagram to help you remember)

A

-thyrohyoid
-sternothyroid
-sternohyoid
-omohyoid

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17
Q

What is the larynx?

A

a hollow structure composed of cartilages, membranes and muscles that acts as a valve (epiglottis) and sound producer

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18
Q

what are the 3 laryngeal cartilages?

A

cricoid, cricoarytenoid and thyroid

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19
Q

the opening from the infraglottic space (going into trachea) to vestibule is called?

A

the glottis

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20
Q

what are the muscles of the larynx

A

anterior: cricothyroid muscle (straight and oblique)
posterior: posterior and lateral crico-arytenoids
oblique + transferse arytenoids, vocalis muscle

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21
Q

what are the ligaments of the larynx

A

-vocal ligament
-lateral cricothyroid ligament

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22
Q

What nerve innervates the larynx?

A

vagus nerve

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23
Q

what are the 4 protective mechanisms for the airway?

A

-swallowing
-gag reflex (CNIX)
-sneezing
-coughing

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24
Q

lesion to vagus nerve causes?

A

complete paralysis of larynx

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25
vagus nerves branch into?
superior (to internal and external) and recurrent laryngeal nerve (goes into thorax and then back to thorax)
26
lesion to internal layngeal nerve causes?
loss of sensation above the vocal folds
27
lesion to external layngeal nerve causes?
paralysis of cricothyroid (anterior)
28
lesion to recurrent laryngeal nerve causes?
paralysis of all muscles of larynx except cricothyroid and loss of sensation below the vocal folds
29
why must surgery of thyroid be done carefully?
the recurrent laryngeal nerve (left and right) runs close to the thyroid and therefore damage can cause paralysis of larynx (+ sensation loss below vocal folds)
30
Why should eye infections be of concern?
the opthalmic veins drains back into the cavernous sinus which is situated deep in cranial cavity. This can provide a potential route of infection into cranial cavity
31
where can we put in a central venous line to measure central venous pressure?
-internal jugular vein (middle of neck) -subclavian veins
32
what nodes are right next to the internal jugular vein?
deep cervical nodes
33
what is the function of the vertebral column?
support, protection and movement
34
what are the regions of the vertebral column?
-cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar(5), sacral (5 fused), coccygeal (4 fused)
35
what structures are in the vertebral column
bone, ligaments and intervertebral discs (cartilage)
36
what movements can the vertebral column allow?
extension, flexion, lateral flexion and rotation
37
how does the vertebral column provide support and protection?
-supports body weight, the head and upper limps (aid movements) -transmit forces -protects spinal cord
38
how does the vertebral column provide movement?
-upper limbs and ribs (extrinsic muscles) -postural control and movement (intrinsic muscles)
39
What makes up a typical vertebrae?
vertebral body, vertebral arch and pedicles
40
what is the vertebral body
major weight bearing part
41
what is the verterbral arch
-it forms roof of vertebral canal and has projections for attachment of muscles and ligaments + sites of articulation for adjacent vertebrae
42
what are the pedicles of typical vertebrae?
they anchor the vertebral arch to the verebral body
43
describe a typical cervical vertebrae
-rectangular bodies with concave superior and convex inferior surface with uncus of body (uncinate process) -triangular vertebral foramen -has foramen transversarium (for arteries) -oblique, relatively horizontal articular facets -perforated transverse processes w/ a+p tubercles -bifid spinous process
44
describe a typical thoracic vertebrae
-columnar, heart-shaped bodies -circular vertebral foramen -has 2 costal facets each side (1 on transverse process) -nearly vertical articular facets posteriorly and anteriorly -long and sloping spinous process overlapping inferior vertebra
45
describe a typical lumbar vertebrae
-massive columnar kidney-shaped body -triangular vertebral foramen -nearly verticle articular facets -short, broad and blunt spinous process -long slender lateral transverse processes
46
what are the two atypical vertebrae
C1 and C2
47
what joint is the yes joint? (nodding)
atlanto-occipital joint
48
what is the atlanto-occipital joint made up of?
2 ligaments: alar ligament and cruciate/cruciform ligament
49
what is the no joint?(shaking head)
atlanto-axial joint (between C1 and C2)
50
what is ligament flava and function
ligament that connect the lamina adjacent vertebrae and maintain the alignment of the spine.
51
what muscles are used in flexion (starting from extended position then forward)
rectus abdominis and psoas major
52
what muscles are used in extension (starting from extended position forwards then backwards)
erector spinae and gluteus maximus
53
what muscles are used in lateral flexion
-rhomboids -serratus anterior -external oblique (anterior) -internal oblique (anterior) -internal and external obliques (lateral part) -quadratus lumborum
54
what muscles are used in rotation
sternocleidomastoid, splenius, transversospinalis, iliocostalis and longissimus, external and internal oblique
55
intervertebral discs role
weight bearing and osme degree of flexibility
56
oculomotor nerve function
motor: levator palpebrae superioris, all rectus (except LR), and inferior oblique parasympathetic: motor to sphincter pupillae, ciliary muscles for accommodation (ciliary ganglion-changing pupil size and lens thickness)
57
optic nerve nerve function
vision
58
trochlear nerve function
motor: superior oblique
59
trigeminal nerve function
motor: muscles of mastication sensory: proprioception from muscles of mastication; discriminative touch and vibration from head + sensation of A2/3 of tongue; pain and temperature of head
60
abducens (VI) nerve function
motor: lateral rectus
61
facial nerve function
sensory: a2/3(t, external auditory meatus + deeper parts of auricle and skin posterior to ear motor: muscles of facial epression; pm in lacrimal, sublingual and submandibular gland
62
vestibulocochlear nerve function
balance and hearing
63
glossopharyngeal nerve function
sensory: p1/3 (s+t), tonsils and pharynx (gag); chemo+baroreceptors in carotid and i+e surfaces of tympanic membrane motor: stylopharyngeus, pm in parotid gland
64
vagus nerve function
sensory: base of tongue + epiglottis, posterior meninges, external acoustic meatus and skin posterior to ear; larynx, trachea, oesophagus, thoracic and abdominal viscera; stretch receptors in aortic arch motor: pharyngeal muscles; cricothyroid, pm to smooth muscles and glands of the pharynx, larynx and thoracic and abdominal viscera; cardiac muscles
65
hypoglossal nerve function
Hyoglossus, genioglossus, styloglossus and all intrinsic muscles of the tongue
66
what are the branches of the external caroitid
-superficial temporal -maxillary -posteiror auricular -facial -occipital (crosses over internal) -lingual(under facial) -ascending pharyngeal -superior thyroid
67
superficial temporal artery appears where?
arising up anterior to ear
68
posterior auricular artery location
rising up behind ear
69
maxillary artery location
brached off external carotid at the zygomatic level
70
facial artery lcoation
branched off external carotid at the mandibular level
71
location of lingual artery
branched off external carotid below facial artery
72
ascending pharyngeal artery location
after superior thyroid artery (goes downwards), one of the first branches of external carotid and rises up
73
occipital artery location
after facial artery, branch of external carotid artery
74
auriculotemporal nerve location
in front of ear going uo

Anatomy (10 decks)

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