Holderness - UK coast CS

Question 1

How long is the coast?

Answer 1

50 km
(Document with in depth detail in folder)
(2/4/25)

Question 2

Flamborough Head

Answer 2

A resistant chalk HEADLAND which illustrates how wave erosion can product arch, stack and wave-cut platform features.
Located at the northern most point of Holderness coast.
Leads to sheltered wide beach at bridlington.
Wave refraction…

Question 3

Holderness cliffs example

Answer 3

At MAPPLETON.
More easier eroded boulder clay cliffs facing out to sea face erosional processes.
Waves and longshore drift is also moving material southwards.

Question 4

Humber Estuary

Answer 4

Enclosed behind SPURN HEAD.
Helped by wind, tides and river processes to develop the ecosystems of dunes, mudflats and a salt-marsh environment.

Question 5

Spurn head

Answer 5

Southern end of Holderness coastline
Sediments transported here through LSD are deposited where the winds, waves and the humber estuary have created a large, but fragile recurved split.
Bottom point of Holderness sediment cell

Question 6

Why is it one of the most rapidly eroding coastlines in Europe

Answer 6

Due to Clay geology (easily eroded not resistant) and a high-energy coastline (destructive waves coming from North Sea)
N.sea = long fetch and lots of wind - lots of surface area for wind to create friction against.

Question 7

Evidence of Holderness’ problems with coastal erosion

Answer 7

Since Roman times, 29 villages have fallen into the sea along the Holderness coast.

Question 8

Challenges with coastal engineering.

Answer 8

Growing population and desire for economic development.

Question 9

3 Physical factors at work along this coastline

Answer 9

Weather
Waves
Geology

Question 10

Weather influence on coastline

Answer 10

Winter storms produce stronger waves and higher sea levels.
Rain intensifies sub-aerial processes - saturated cliffs suffer increased run-off leading to slumping and other mass movement.

Question 11

Waves influence on coastline

Answer 11

Destructive waves from North East - also direction of longest fetch over North Sea.
Destructive waves erode beaches and attack the foot of the cliffs, removing clay in suspension.
LSD then carries this material southwards.
Tides and Low energy environment of the Humber estuary allowing sediment to form in a spit, mudflats and sand dunes by SPURN HEAD.
Clay is porus and easily eroded

Question 12

Geology influence on coastline

Answer 12

DISCORDANT coastline, mix of chalk and boulder clay.
Resistant Chalk survived large-scale erosion creating Flaborough head - wave refraction
Less resistant boulder clay cliffs more easily eroded causing the SWEEPING BAY (LSD) of Holderness.

Question 13

How far are the holderness cliffs retreating

Answer 13

1.8 meters per year.
Increasing due to 1.1degreeC rise in temp yearly, leading to eustatic sea level rise via ice caps and thermal exp

Question 14

What management takes place at Hornsea

Answer 14

Groynes

Question 15

What management takes place at Spurn head

Answer 15

managed retreat

Question 16

What management takes place at Withernsea

Answer 16

Sea walls.

Question 17

Why are there sea walls at Withernsea

Answer 17

Due to 6,000 population.

Question 18

How was Mappleton helped by EU

Answer 18

EU funded 2.1 million pounds in 1991 for 2 rock groynes and revetments

Question 19

what type of coast is holderness

Answer 19

Discordant - geology consists of alternating hard (chalk) and soft rock (boulder clay) as rock faces run perpendicular to coast leading to differential rates of erosion.