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Holocaust - Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the different names for the genocide of European Jews during World War II?

A

Holocaust, Shoah, Final Solution

Each term expresses different nuances of the event’s horror.

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2
Q

What does the term ‘Holocaust’ mean in ancient Greek?

A

Everything burned

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3
Q

What was the estimated number of victims of the Holocaust?

A

Over ten million, including six million Jews

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4
Q

Define anti-Semitism.

A

Hatred or fear of Jews

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5
Q

How did medieval anti-Semitism evolve?

A

From cultural and ethnic tensions to religious divisions

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6
Q

What accusation escalated hostility towards Jews during the medieval Christian era?

A

Deicide (killing of Christ)

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7
Q

What was the role of Wilhelm Marr in the context of anti-Semitism?

A

He coined the term ‘anti-Semitism’

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8
Q

What was the ‘stab-in-the-back’ myth?

A

Conspiracy theories blaming Jews for Germany’s defeat in World War I

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9
Q

What laws did the Nazis enact to marginalize Jews in 1933?

A

Boycotts of Jewish businesses and the ‘Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service.’

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10
Q

What were the Nuremberg Laws?

A

Laws codifying racial discrimination against Jews in 1935

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11
Q

What did the Reich Citizenship Law do?

A

Revoked Jewish citizenship, making Jews stateless in Germany

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: Economic _______ targeted Jewish wealth by forcing property declarations.

A

Aryanization

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13
Q

What event is known as Kristallnacht?

A

A violent pogrom against Jews in November 1938

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14
Q

What was the outcome of Kristallnacht in terms of property destruction?

A

Over 200 synagogues and 7,000 Jewish businesses were destroyed; nearly 100 Jews were killed.

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15
Q

What was the international response to Kristallnacht?

A

Condemnation but largely ineffective intervention

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16
Q

What were the consequences of the Nazi regime’s economic exclusion of Jews?

A

Destruction of Jewish economic foundations and marginalization before physical annihilation

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17
Q

What was the significance of the Nuremberg Laws?

A

They codified racial discrimination as state policy.

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18
Q

True or False: Anti-Semitism was solely a Nazi invention.

A

False

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19
Q

What characterized Nazi anti-Semitic ideology?

A

Application of racial science and legal frameworks to exclude Jews

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20
Q

What did the term ‘Mischlinge’ refer to in the context of the Nuremberg Laws?

A

Mixed-race individuals complicating identity definitions

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21
Q

What marked the transition from legal persecution to open violence against Jews?

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A

Kristallnacht

22
Q

What was the purpose of the forced naming laws for Jews?

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A

To enforce identification and further marginalize Jewish individuals

23
Q

Fill in the blank: The Nazi regime used _______ to control the timing of anti-Semitic actions.

24
Q

What was the dual strategy of Nazi anti-Semitic policies?

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A

Officially sanctioned laws and extrajudicial actions

25
What did the Nazi regime do to Jewish businesses during Aryanization?
Forced them to sell to Aryans or shut down
26
What was the significance of Joseph Goebbels' speech during Kristallnacht?
It incited anti-Semitic violence
27
What were the implications of the mass arrests during Kristallnacht?
Illustrated the regime's escalating control over Jewish life
28
What is the importance of Kristallnacht in the context of the Holocaust?
It foreshadowed the systematic murder to come
29
What varied responses did the German public have to Kristallnacht?
Support, tolerance, and silent opposition
30
Fill in the blank: Kristallnacht was a pivotal moment that marked the transition from legal _______ to openly violent attacks.
Persecution
31
What was Kristallnacht?
A key turning point in Nazi Germany’s persecution of Jews, transforming systemic discrimination into violent ethnic cleansing. ## Footnote Kristallnacht marked the escalation of anti-Jewish violence and was a precursor to the Holocaust.
32
How was World War II linked to the Holocaust?
The genocide of European Jews was intrinsically linked to the war, providing justification and an environment for systematic mass murder. ## Footnote Military occupation and chaos facilitated the Nazis' extermination efforts.
33
What regions did Nazi Germany control by mid-1940?
Significant portions of Western and Eastern Europe, including: * France * Low Countries * Baltic States * Norway * Austria * Czechoslovakia * Half of Poland ## Footnote Nazi rule lasted until 1944 when Allied forces began liberating these regions.
34
What was a Gauleiter?
A high-ranking Nazi Party official who acted as a governor in occupied territories. ## Footnote Gauleiters oversaw local governance, often manipulating existing structures for Nazi control.
35
What influenced the degree of Nazi oppression in occupied regions?
Hitler’s racial perceptions; regions with 'Aryan' populations received less severe treatment compared to those with large Jewish or Slavic populations. ## Footnote The intensity of oppression varied significantly across different areas.
36
What was the primary purpose of Nazi occupation?
Economic exploitation to ensure a steady supply of raw materials, goods, and cheap labor for the German war machine. ## Footnote This was facilitated through enforced low wages and fixed prices.
37
What was the Night and Fog Decree?
A decree that authorized secret executions of resistance members to instill fear and suppress opposition. ## Footnote It highlighted the terror-based nature of Nazi repression.
38
What was the Intelligenzaktion?
A campaign targeting Polish elites, resulting in approximately 60,000 deaths through public executions. ## Footnote Many victims included aristocrats, intellectuals, and clergy.
39
What happened to Polish Jews by 1941?
They were confined to ghettos and faced public warnings forbidding assistance from other Poles, punishable by death. ## Footnote Initially, Jews were exploited as forced labor before extermination plans took precedence.
40
What marked the transition to systematic extermination of Jews?
Late 1941 marked a shift from exploiting Jewish slave labor to explicit plans for resettlement and annihilation. ## Footnote Hans Frank’s communications reveal the resolve to exterminate all Jews.
41
What were the key elements of Nazi occupation policies?
They were strategic and varied based on racial ideology and military objectives. ## Footnote Governance was adapted according to demographic compositions and strategic priorities.
42
What was the role of the Wannsee Conference?
A meeting where high-ranking Nazi officials coordinated the implementation of the systematic extermination of Jews. ## Footnote It formalized plans for the Final Solution and ensured various Nazi agencies were complicit.
43
What was the Final Solution?
The Nazi plan for the systematic extermination of the Jewish population in Europe. ## Footnote It was characterized by a bureaucratic approach to genocide.
44
What was the significance of Hermann Goering's letter to Reinhard Heydrich?
It referenced the need for 'a total solution of the Jewish question' and tasked Heydrich with preparing an overall plan. ## Footnote This letter marked an early official order leading to the Holocaust.
45
What was the fate of those deemed unfit for labor during the Holocaust?
They were understood to be subject to immediate killing, although explicit methods were not detailed in official records. ## Footnote This included children, elderly, and infirm individuals.
46
True or False: The Wannsee Conference was the origin of the Final Solution.
False. ## Footnote The Final Solution had already been planned prior to the conference.
47
What was the impact of the Wannsee Conference on the Holocaust?
It marked a turning point where Nazi genocide became a unified and centrally managed government policy. ## Footnote This increased the efficiency and scale of extermination efforts.
48
Fill in the blank: The Nazis employed _______ to maintain control over local populations during the occupation.
[censorship and propaganda] ## Footnote Local media were heavily censored, and civilians were compelled to demonstrate loyalty.
49
What were the consequences of resistance against Nazi rule?
Imprisonment, forced labor, or execution. ## Footnote The 'Night and Fog Decree' authorized secret executions of dissidents.
50
What characterized the daily life under Nazi rule?
Systematic dehumanization through enforced salutations, identity documentation, and media censorship. ## Footnote These practices psychologically broke down populations to facilitate control.
51
Who was Hans Frank?
Nazi governor of Poland and executor of genocidal policies. ## Footnote His communications revealed support for the annihilation of Jews.

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