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Bio P2 > Homeostais 2 > Flashcards

Homeostais 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a tropism? (biology only)

A

A tropism is the response of a plant to a specific stimulus.

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2
Q

What is phototropism? (biology only)

A

Phototropism is the response of a plant’s shoot or root to light.

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3
Q

What is gravitropism? (biology only)

A

Gravitropism is the response of a plant’s shoot or root to gravity.

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4
Q

What is auxin? (biology only)

A

Auxin is a hormone which controls the growth of a plant’s shoots and roots. When auxin is unevenly distributed in a growing plant, the rate of growth will also be unequal.

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5
Q

How do plant shoots show positive phototropism?
(biology only)

A

• One side of the shoot is in the light, causing auxin to move to the shaded side.
• At the shaded side, the cells are stimulated to grow - the shoot bends towards the light.
• As a result, photosynthesis can occur at a faster rate.

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6
Q

How do plant shoots show negative gravitropism?

A

• In a horizontal shoot, auxin accumulates in the lower side due to gravity.
• Cells on the lower side of shoot grow more, causing the shoot to bend away from the direction of gravity.
• As a result, more light is usually available for photosynthesis.

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7
Q

How do plant roots show positive gravitropism?

A

• In a horizontal root, auxin accumulates in the lower side, causing cells to grow less.
• The root bends in the direction of gravity
• As a result, more water and nutrients are available to the plant roots.

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8
Q

What are gibberellins?

A

Gibberellins are a type of plant hormone involved in seed germination.

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9
Q

What is ethene?

A

Ethene is a type of plant hormone involved in cell division and ripening.

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10
Q

What are the uses of auxins?

A

• Weedkillers - auxin causes cells to grow at a rapid rate, causing plant death.
• Rooting powder - auxin causes new plant to grow very quickly.
• Tissue culture - auxin promotes growth of roots and shoots.

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11
Q

What are the uses of ethene?

A

• Control of food ripening in the food industry - allows fruit to be ripened just before they are sold.

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12
Q

What are the uses of gibberellins?

A

• Termination of seed dormancy
• Promotion of flowering
• Increase of fruit size

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13
Q

name the two types of effectors and state what they do.

A

Mucles…contract
Glands…release hormones

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14
Q

Is the nervous system or the endocrine system faster acting?

A

The nervous system is much faster acting as it relies on electrical impulses that can travel very quickly.

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15
Q

how scientists study the brain

A
  1. STUDY PEOPLE WITH
    BRAIN DAMAGE
  2. ELECTRICALLY STIMULATE
    DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE BRAIN
    3.SCANNING THE BRAIN
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16
Q

eye in bright light

A

pupil constricts
circulat contract
radial relax

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17
Q

Which light-sensitive cells in the retina enable you to see in colour?

A

Cone cells

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18
Q

What is the pupil?

A

he gap through which light passes to reach the lens

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19
Q

what is the purpose of the iris reflex?

A

To ensure the optimum amount of light enters the eye

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20
Q

explain how shivering warms the body.

A

Shivering involves muscles contracting and relaxing automatically. This requires a lot of energy from respiration, which in the process releases a lot of heat energy as waste.

21
Q

How does sweat keep us cool?

A

As sweat evaporates it removes heat energy from the skin

22
Q

how thermoregulatory centre works

A

contains receptors sensitive to blood temp.
skin contains temp receptors , sends nerve impulses to thermoregulatory centre

23
Q

what are glands
what do they do

A

re organs that release small chemicals called hormones.
These chemicals are normally released into the bloodstream, allowing them to travel around the body.
They can then bind to specific cells that have the correct receptors.
This will bring about some change within the cells.

24
Q

Which hormone decreases blood glucose levels?

A

insulin

25
Q

how glucagon works

A

When blood glucose levels fall too low, it’s detected by the pancreas.
This causes the pancreas to release the hormone glucagon into the blood stream.
This hormone then travels around the body, and binds mainly to cells in the liver.
This stimulates those liver cells to break down their stored glycogen into glucose and release it into the blood.

26
Q

what are the two main organs that insulin stimulates to absorb glucose from the blood?

A

Muscles
Liver

27
Q

dialysis fluid contains _ of useful substances as healthy blood.

A

the same concentration

28
Q

What are the downsides of dialysis?

A

There is a risk of infection
It is time consuming
It is expensive to run

29
Q

If a patient has a kidney transplant, what type of drugs are they required to take for the rest of their lives?

A

Immunosuppressants

30
Q

stage one of the menstrual cycle?
- Menstruation

What happens in stage two of the menstrual cycle?

A

Period of bleeding as the uterus lining breaks down

Building up of the uterus lining

31
Q

What happens in stage three of the menstrual cycle?

A

Release of the egg from the ovaries

32
Q

How can oestrogen act as a contraceptive?

A

inhibit FSH production, so that eggs can’t mature

33
Q

How can progesterone act as a contraceptive?

A

Stimulate the production of mucus in the cervix, so sperm can’t enter the uterus

34
Q

FSH

A

stimulate egg developement
oestrogen secretion, sperm production

35
Q

LH

A

stimulate egg release
( ovulation)
and testosterone production in males

36
Q

Oestrogen

A

controls development of female characteristics

37
Q

progesterone

A

regulates menstrual cycle

38
Q

as FSH increases

A

oestrogen levels increase

39
Q

as oestrogen levels increase

A

uterus lining thickens

LH increase , FSH fall

40
Q

LH peak =

A

ovulation

41
Q

increase in progesterone =

A

maintain thick uterus lining
stop LH, FSH produced

42
Q

adrenaline causes changes in the body to prepare for a ‘fight or flight’ response.

Describe 3 of these changes.

A

increase heart rate
Increase blood pressure
Increase blood flow to muscles
Increases blood sugar (glucose) levels

43
Q

If thyroxine levels are too low

A
  • the pituitary gland will release TSH. This then stimulates the thyroid gland to release more thyroxine. So thyroxine levels in the blood increase back up to normal.
44
Q

thyroxine main role

A

Thyroxine has lots of roles in the body, including growth and development, but the main role is to increase your metabolic rate (

45
Q

What happens when thyroxine levels too high

A

Thyroxine inhibits pituauity gland
From releasing TSH
Less TSH means thyroid gland releases less thryoxine
So thyroxine levels fall back to norma
Negative feedback

46
Q

What effects auxins have on plants

A

Shoot cell growth
Root cell inhibition

47
Q

Gametes….

Zygotes …

A

Form my meisos

Divide by mitosis

48
Q

Meiosis

A

Copies of genetic information made
Divide by 2
= 4 gametes ( each single set of chromsosomes )
All genetically different

Bio P2 (8 decks)

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