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Biology 12 > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Grey matter that surrounds the brain, helps control memory thinking, emotions, consciousness, learning. There are six layers of nerve cells (12-16 billion cells)

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2
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Involved in homeostasis, emotion, thirst. Provides a link between CNS and endocrine system. Helps bridge subconscious signals from brainstem with signals from cerebral cortex..
Regulation of satiety, metabolism, body temperature.

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3
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Produces and releases hormones that control body functions. Crucial component of endocrine system, helps relay signals from hypothalamus.

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4
Q

Thalamus

A

Mass of grey matter located on top of forebrain, sensory and motor functions.

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5
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Functions to receive information about the outside environment (time, light/dark) and convey information by melatonin secretion. Located beneath corpus callosum.

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6
Q

Reticular Formation

A

A network of brainstem nuclei and neurons that aid to repay information for other vital brain systems. I.e. cardiovascular control, visual coordination, posture.

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7
Q

Medulla

A

Between spinal cord and pons used to help maintain necessary functions.

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8
Q

Pons

A

Located in hindbrain, used for motor control and sensory analysis (hearing).

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9
Q

Midbrain

A

Includes both tectum and tegmentum. Used for vision, hearing, and eye/body movement. Contains pendunae (huge bundle of axons).

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10
Q

Brain stem

A

Responsible for basic vital functions i.e. breathing, HR, BP. Parts of brain stem: medulla, pons, midbrain

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11
Q

Hippocampus

A

Long-term memory and converting short term memory into permanent memory. Recall important relationships.

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12
Q

Amygdala

A

Works with the hippocampus to create long-term memories. Known to link fear, aggression, anxiety to people and places. Located under the temporal lobe.

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13
Q

Lobes of cerebrum

A

Parietal, occipital, frontal, temporal

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14
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Movement, orientation, recognition, perception of surroundings

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15
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Visual processing

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16
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Reasoning, speech, movement, emotions, problem solving

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17
Q

Types of neurons

A

Multipolar, unipolar, bipolar

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18
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

One axon, many dendrites

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19
Q

Unipolar

A

One axon, one dendrite

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20
Q

Bipolar

A

Fused dendrite and axon

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21
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Associated with calm state, uses acetylcholine to bring responses, conserves energy. “Rest digest”, increases salivation, decreases HR

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22
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Associated with stressful situations, neurons trigger release of epinephrine (from adrenal gland). “Fight or flight” Increased BP, HR, breathing

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23
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Carry information from receptors in skin, tendons and skeletal muscles.

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24
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

(Involuntary) Signals from organs to CNS. Contains hypothalamus and medulla oblongata, stimulates or inhibits glandular secretion.

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25
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

(Voluntary) Carries sensory signals from body to CNS. Carries motor signals from CNS to muscles/glands. One of main divisions of peripheral nervous system. Consists of spinal nerves which connect within spinal cord and cranial nerves, connect with brain.

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26
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Grey area (cell bodies), white matter (axions). Contains brain and spinal cord. Receives and processes information, initiates responses.

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27
Q

Positive Feedback system

A

Intensifies a change in some direction. Less common than a negative feedback system because it is often associated with instability. Death will occur if body temp > 45C (proteins in body will denature)

28
Q

Steps in homeostasis

A
  1. Imbalance, variable (stimulus produces change)
  2. Receptor (change detected by receptor)
  3. Control centre (input information sent allowing affront pathway)
  4. Effector, output (information sent along efferent pathway)
  5. Response of effector (feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis).
29
Q

Endotherm

A

Maintain body temp by internal mechanisms (river otter)

30
Q

Ecotherm

A

Maintain body temp by absorbing energy from environment (basin fish).

31
Q

Negative Feedback System

A

Reverses change in body, end product = inhibition. Results of process negates own production.

32
Q

Types of Hormones

A
  1. Protein hormones
  2. Steroid hormones
33
Q

Protein hormones

A

Hydrophilic, water soluble, diffuse well in blood, enter cell via receptor-mediated endocytosis.

34
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Derived from cholesterol, not blood soluble, lipid-soluble-diffuse across lipid bilayer, no receptor needed, i.e. testosterone, estrogen

35
Q

Spinal cord

A

Carries signals from brain to body - begins at the medulla oblongata and goes through back, composed of different vertebrae.

36
Q

Grey Matter

A

Primarily composed of neuron somas (round central cell bodies)

37
Q

White matter

A

Primarily composed of myelinated axons

38
Q

Neuron Structure

A

Cell body, dendrites, axon, neural impulse, myelin sheath, terminal branches of axon

39
Q

Axon

A

Passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands.

40
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Covers axon of neurons in white matter and helps speed neural impulses

41
Q

Optic Chiasm

A

the part of the brain where the optic nerves cross and are of primary importance to the visual pathway.
It is located at the base of the brain inferior to the hypothalamus.

42
Q

Transverse Fissure

A

Separates the cerebrum and cerebellum of the brain.

43
Q

Limbic system

A

Known as the “emotional brain”. Found buried in the cerebrum

44
Q

Choroid Plexus

A

a secretory tissue found in each of the brain ventricles, the main function of which is to produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

45
Q

Dura Mater

A

Is the outer, thick, strong membrane layer (meninges). One side of your dura attaches to your skull and the other adheres to your middle membrane layer.

46
Q

Midbrain

A

-found above the pons in the brainstem.
-involved in processing from sensory neurons in the eyes, ears, and nose.
-relays visual and auditory information between the areas of the hindbrain and forebrain.
-plays an important role in eye movement and control of skeletal movement.

47
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

the bundle of white matter that joins the two cerebral hemispheres of the cerebrum of the brain.
-send messages from one cerebral hemisphere to the other, telling each half of the brain what the other half is doing.

48
Q

Cerebellum

A

Walnut-shaped structure located below and largely behind the cerebrum.
-involved in the unconscious coordination of posture, reflexes, and body movements, fine voluntary motor skills.
-receives information from proprioceptors located within the skeletal muscles and joints.

49
Q

Integumentary system

A

protects bones, organs, and other internal structures from harm; relays message from external environment to nervous system

50
Q

Sensor

A

a body structure that detects a change within the body and sends a signal to a control centre.

51
Q

Control centre

A

a body structure that determines the normal range of values within which variables should be maintained.

52
Q

Effector

A

a body structure that receives signals from a control centre and responds to bring conditions back to normal.

53
Q

Steps to action potential

A
  1. Neuron membrane maintains resting potential (the electrical potential of a neuron or other excitable cell relative to its surroundings when not stimulated or involved in passage of an impulse.)
  2. Threshold stimulus is received
  3. Sodium channels open
  4. Sodium ions diffuse inward, depolarizing the membrane
  5. Potassium channels open
  6. Potassium ions diffuse outward, repolarizing the membrane
  7. The resulting action potential causes a local bioelectric current that stimulates adjacent* portions of the membrane.
  8. Wave of action potentials travel the length of the axon as a nerve impulse
54
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

→ growth hormone, cell growth
-no direct connection to the hypothalamus
Likely receiving other hormones via the hypophyseal artery (to regulate its hormone production)
-producing new hormones

55
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

antidiuretic hormone, water balance
The posterior pituitary collects hormones made by the hypothalamus
-There is a direct connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland
There is no arterial connection shown, indicating that it does not receive its own hormones/signals to regulate hormone production
It just temporarily stores the hormones produced in the hypothalamus which later travels through the hypophyseal vein

56
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Drains fluid (lymph) that has leaked from blood vessels into the tissues and empties it back into the bloodstream via lymph nodes

57
Q

Thermoregulation

A

too hot: sweat to cool off; too cold: shiver to generate body heat
Maintained by hypothalamus

58
Q

Right brain versus left brain

A

Right brain - Artistic, emotional intelligence, creativity.
Left brain - Logic, numbers language

59
Q

Top ten glands

A

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, adrenal gland, ovary, testis, pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas

60
Q

Thyroid

A

Hormones: thyroid hormone, metabolic rate, T3, T4. Calcitonin (lowers blood calcium)

61
Q

Parathyroid

A

Hormone: PTH (raises blood calcium),

62
Q

Pancreas

A

Insulin - lowers blood sugar
Glucagon - raises blood sugar

63
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

Cortisol, stress response. Adrenal cortex: glucocorticoids (anti-inflammatory), epinephrine (fight or flight). Located above kidneys.

64
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Processing auditory information.

65
Q

Soma

A

Where the nucleus lies, where the neuron’s DNA is housed, and where proteins are made to be transported throughout the axon and dendrites.

Biology 12 (3 decks)

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