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Human Physiology > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

A dynamic process where we adapt and adjust to maintain equilibrium in the bodies internal environment

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2
Q

What are the components of a feedback system? (5)

A

Set point, Sensor, Control centre, effector and the regulated variable

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3
Q

What are the 3 main feedback loops?

A

Positive feedback
Negative feedback
Feedforward loops

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4
Q

Describe Negative feedback

A

Acts to reduce a change in the body

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5
Q

Describe Positive feedback?

A

Acts to increase an effect in the body

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6
Q

Describe feedforward loops?

A

Physiological responses in anticipation of a change in a variable

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7
Q

What are the two types of glands in the body ?

A

Exocrine and Endocrine

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8
Q

What is the difference between Endo and Exocrine

A

Endocrine are ductless and secrete hormones into the blood whereas Exocrines secrete theirs through a duct

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9
Q

What are Hormones?

A

Hormones are chemical messengers carried by the blood to target cells to cause a response

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10
Q

What are the 4 main functions of Hormones?

A

1) Hormones help regulate chemicals, metabolism, immune system, cardiac muscle fibres and glandular secretion
2) Control growth and development
3) Regulate operation of reproductive system
4) Help establish circadian rhythm

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11
Q

What are the main differences with Endocrine system and the Nervous sytem?

A

Endocrine act relatively slower
however have longer lasting effects

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12
Q

What are the 3 main structures of Hormones?

A

Amines, Peptides/Proteins and Steroids

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13
Q

How do Peptide hormones travel, compared to Amine and Steroids?

A

Peptides are water soluble therefore circulate dissolved in plasma whereas the others circulate bound to proteins

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14
Q

What is mainly responsible for removing hormones ?

A

The Liver and Kidney

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15
Q

How do hormones get to the target cells?

A

Lipid soluble hormones (such as steroids and thyroids) attach to receptors inside cells whereas water soluble hormones (such as proteins) attach to receptors on the membrane

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16
Q

What affects responsiveness of target cells to Hormones?

A

1) Hormones blood conc
2) Amount of target cells and/or receptors
3) Effects of other hormones

17
Q

Name and describe 3 Hormonal interactions

A

Permissive - One hormones Increases activity of another

Synergistic - Two hormones acting together as it is greater than one alone

Antagonistic - A hormone hindering another

18
Q

What are 3 inputs that control Hormone secretion?

A

1) Plasma Concentration of an ion or nutrients that is regulated by the hormone
2) Neural input to the endocrine cells
3) Other hormones

19
Q

What is the hormone process?

A

Hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus
axons pass down the infundibulum
terminate in the posterior pituitary and release hormones

20
Q

What 6 things does the anterior pituiarty gland secrete?

A

Growth Hormone (GH)
Thyroid stimulation hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)
Prolactin
Follicle Stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)

21
Q

What is anterior pituitary gland secretion controlled by and what is the typical sequence of it?

A

It is controlled by Hypophysiotropic hormones from the hypothalamus via portal vessels

Hypophysiotropic hormones controls the secretion of APG hormone which then controls secretion of a 3rd hormone from an endocrine gland

22
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

Sits within the neck in front of the trachea

23
Q

Thyroid hormones function?

A

protein synthesis in follicular epithelial cells

increases DNA replication and cell division

produces thyroxine (called T4) and triiodothyronine (T3-major thyroid hormone)

24
Q

What is cortisol mediated by?

A

Hypothalamus-anterior pituiarty gland system

25
Q

What are the physiological functions of cortisol? (Non stressful)

A

Maintains a normal BP by affecting the responsiveness of smooth muscle cells to epinephrine and norepinephrine

Maintain enzymes conc required for metabolic homeostasis, preventing decreasing plasma glucose levels

Has anti-inflammatory and anti-immune functions

26
Q

What are the physiological functions of cortisol? (Stressful)

A
  1. Effects on metabolism
  2. Enhanced vascular reactivity, improving cardiovascular performance
  3. Unidentified protective effects against the damaging influences of stress
  4. Inhibition of inflammation and specific immune responses Inhibition of nonessential functions (e.g reproduction & growth)
27
Q

What are the 4 effects on metabolism in stressful situations?

A

ffects on metabolism
1. Stimulation of protein catabolism in bone, lymph, muscle, and elsewhere
2. Stimulation of liver uptake of amino acids and their conversion to glucose (gluconeogenesis)
3. Maintenance of plasma glucose concentrations
4. Stimulation of triglyceride catabolism in adipose tissue, with release of glycerol and fatty acids into the blood

28
Q

What hormones are most important for growth? (6)

A

GH
Insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2
T3
Insulin
Testosterone
Estradiol

29
Q

What is GH stimulated and inhibited by?

A

Growth hormone releasing hormone - stim
Somatostatin - inhibited

30
Q

Where is testosterone found in males and females?

A

Males - Testes
Females - Ovaries, adrenal cortex and androgens

31
Q

Where is Oestregon and Progesteron found in males and females?

A

Females - Ovaries
Males - small tissue in the liver, kidney, bone, skin, brain, breasts and adrenal glands

32
Q

What is ‘gain’ of regulated variable and what is it’s equation?

A

The gain of a variable is the precision by which a control system can
prevent deviation from homeostasis.

Gain =
Amount of correction needed/Amount of abnormality after correction

33
Q

What does a large gain imply?

A

There is a more sensitive regulation to better maintain normal conditions

Human Physiology (7 decks)

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