Homeostasis

Question 1

Levels of organisation of the body

Answer 1

1. Chemical
2. Cellular
3. Tissue
4. Organ
5. Organ system
6. Organism

Question 2

Chemical level

Answer 2

Atoms and molecules make up the body

Question 3

Atoms

Answer 3

Smallest building blocks od the body

Question 4

Molecules

Answer 4

Atoms combined

Question 5

Cell

Answer 5

Basic units of life, Enclosed by plasma membrane, Interior composition - regulated

Question 6

Basic cell functions

Answer 6

1. Obtaining nutrients + O2
2. Performing chemical reactions
3. Eliminating CO2 + waste
4. Synthesizing proteins
5. Controlling exchange of materials in and out
6. Moving materials internally from 1 part of cell to another
7. Sense + response to environment
8. Reproduce

Question 7

Specialised cell functions

Answer 7

a. Digestive glands: use protein synthesis to produce digestive enzymes - specialized proteins that break down food. FUNTION = PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.

b. Kidney tubules: regulate substances between blood on one side of cell + urine on the other side of cell to selectively retain substances in blood and remove waste. FUNTION = CONTROLS EXCHANGE

Question 8

Tissue

Answer 8

Groups of cells of similar specialization

Question 9

Types of tissue

Answer 9

1. Muscle
2. Nervous
3. Epithelia
4. Connective

Question 10

Muscle tissue

Answer 10

Cells specialized for contracting, generates tension and produces movement.

Question 11

Types of muscle tissue

Answer 11

1. Skeletal: moves skeleton
2. Cardiac: pumps blood out of heart (involuntary)
3. Smooth: controls movement of contents through hollow tubes + organs (movement of food through digestive tract; involuntary)

Question 12

Nervous tissue

Answer 12

Cells specialized for initiating and transmitting electrical impulses which act as signals that relay info from 1 part of body to another

Found in brain, spinal cord, nerves, special sense organs

Question 13

Epithelia tissues

Answer 13

Cells specialized for exchanging materials between cell + environment

Organised into 2 general types of structures:
1. Epithelial tissue
2. Secretory glands

Question 14

Secretory glands

Answer 14

Epithelial tissues derivatives specialized for secreting

2 Categories:
1. Exocrine
2. Endocrine

Question 15

Exocrine glands

Answer 15

Secrete substances into a ductal system to an epithelial surface

Question 16

Endocrine glands

Answer 16

Secrete products directly into the bloodstream

Question 17

Connective tissue

Answer 17

Relatively few cells dispersed within abundance of extracellular material.

• connects supports and anchors body parts

Cells within connective tissues produce structural molecules that they release into extracellular spaces between cells.

Question 18

Organ

Answer 18

Unit made up of several tissue types

Consist of 2 or more types of primary tissue that is organized to perform functions

Question 19

Eg. Stomach as an organ

Answer 19

• made up of 4 primary tissue types
• lined with epithelial tissue w endocrine and exocrine cells
• Smooth muscle tissue
• Nervous tissue
• Connective tissue bind together

Question 20

The body system level

Answer 20

• Collection of related organs that interact for functions
• Eg. cirsulatory system: Heart, Blood, Vessels
• 11 systems

Question 21

Homeostasis

Answer 21

Ability to maintain internal conditions despite changes in internal/external environment

Question 22

External environment

Answer 22

Surrounding environment in which organism lives

Question 23

Internal environment

Answer 23

Fluid that surrounds the cells and through which they make like-sustaining changes.

Question 24

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

Answer 24

Fluid collectively contained within all body cells

Question 25

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

Answer 25

Fluid outside the cell 2 Components: Plasma and interstitial fluid

Question 26

Compensatory mechanisms

Answer 26

1. Immediate/ transient responses 2. Long-term adaptions: make body efficient in responding to ongoing challenges

Question 27

Homeostatic regulatory factors

Answer 27

1. Concentration of nutrients 2. Concentration of O2 and CO2 3. Concentration of waste products 4. Concentration of water, salt and electrolytes 5. pH 6. Volume and pressure 7. Temperature

Question 28

11 Body systems:

Answer 28

Circulatory Digestive Respiratory Urinary Skeletal Muscular Integumentary Immune Nervous Endocrine Reproductive

Question 29

Circulatory system

Answer 29

Transports O2, CO2, wastes, electrolytes, hormones from 1 part of body to another

Question 30

Digestive system

Answer 30

Breaks down dietary food into small nutrient molecules for distribution to body cells. Transfers water & electrolytes + eliminates undigested food residues

Question 31

Respiratory system

Answer 31

Gets O2 from & eliminates CO2 to external environment (maintaining pH of internal environment)

Question 32

Urinary system

Answer 32

Removes excess water, salt, acid and other electrolytes from plasma + eliminates them in the urine

Question 33

Skeletal system

Answer 33

Provides support and protection. Serves as storage reservoir for calcium. Enables body to move. Bone marrow is source of blood cells.

Question 34

Muscular system

Answer 34

Moves bones to which muscles are attached. Helps maintain body temp.

Question 35

Integumentary system

Answer 35

Outer protective barrier. NB in regulating body temp.

Question 36

Immune system

Answer 36

Defends against foreign invaders. Paves way for repairing/replacing injured or worn out cells.

Question 37

Nervous system

Answer 37

Controls + coordinates body activities that require quick responses

Question 38

Endocrine system

Answer 38

Regulates activities that need duration rather than speed (e.g., growth)

Question 39

Reproductive system

Answer 39

Not essential for homeostasis, but essential for perpetuating species