Homeostasis

Question 1

Give three examples of exocrine glands

Answer 1

Sweat glands
Salivary glands
Mammary glands

Question 2

What is the somatic nervous system?

Answer 2

Under our control - voluntary muscle.

Receives sensory input

Question 3

What neurotransmitter is involved in the somatic nervous system?

Answer 3

Acetyl Choline

Question 4

What is the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 4

Involuntary - self regulating

Influences the function of internal organs

Question 5

Give some examples of things the autonomic nervous system effects

Answer 5

Heart rate
Respiratory rate
Digestion
Pupil dilation

Question 6

What are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 6

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

Question 7

What is the sympathetic response?

Answer 7

Fight or flight

Neurotransmitter - noradrenaline

Question 8

What is the parasympathetic response?

Answer 8

Rest and digest

Neurotransmitter - acetyl Choline

Question 9

What is normal body temperature?

Answer 9

36.5-37.5 degrees Celsius

Question 10

How can core temperature be measured?

Answer 10

Oral cavity
Rectum
Axilla 
Temporal artery
External auditory canal

Question 11

What temperature is considered hyperthermia?

Answer 11

Less than 35 degrees

Question 12

Where are B cells made and where do they mature?

Answer 12

Made in the bone marrow

Mature in the spleen and other lymphoid tissues

Question 13

What are the functions of B cells?

Answer 13

Produce specific antibodies
Act as antigen presenting cells (APC)
Secrete cytokines

Question 14

Where are T cells made and where do they mature?

Answer 14

Made in the bone marrow

Mature in the thymus

Question 15

What are functions of antibodies? (3)

Answer 15

Complement activation
Opsonisation
Blocking receptors
Preventing growth

Question 16

What three ways can cells be attached in the lateral domain?

Answer 16

Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions

Question 17

What is a tight junction? And where are they found?

Answer 17

Fused plasmalemma of 2 cells - forms a seal

Seen in cells lining the intestine

Question 18

What are desmosomes and where are they found?

Answer 18

Seen next to tight junctions - formed of protein - provides resistance to stretching and twisting
Found between epithelial cells that need to withstand physical stress e.g. Skin

Question 19

What are gap junctions?

Answer 19

Connexons form channels that allow small ions/molecules to move back and forth through cells - communication

Question 20

What is the basal domain?

Answer 20

Anchorage for cells onto a basement membrane.

Acts as a structural site for overlaying calls and underlying connective tissue

Question 21

How to cells attach to the basement membrane?

Answer 21

• hemidesmosomes - found on tissue subject to abrasion - skin/oral cavity
• focal adhesions - anchor intracellular actin filaments to basement membrane - predominant role in cell movement

Question 22

What is an intigrin?

Answer 22

Transmembrane proteins that attach the cell cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix (mechanical).
And have a role in signal transduction between the ECM and the cell

Question 23

What is autocrine communication?

Answer 23

Cell communication with itself - positive feedback

Question 24

What is paracrine communication?

Answer 24

Communication with adjacent cells - regulator diffuses to nearby cells

Question 25

What is Neurocrine communication?

Answer 25

Nerve cells secrete into the bloodstream to target cells - e.g. Pituitary gland, adrenal medulla

Question 26

What are the two ways cells can die?

Answer 26

Necrosis | Apoptosis

Question 27

What is necrosis?

Answer 27

Following physical disruption of the cell through injury/toxins/deprivation the cell loses functional control. Osmotic pressure causes swelling or organelles, chromatin clumps and the cell bursts. The cytotoxic cellular components induce tissue damage and inflammation.

Question 28

What is apoptosis?

Answer 28

Programmed cell death - catabolic processes begin throughout cell, enzymes digest cytosolic components and fragment DNA. Cell is repackaged for safe removal. Chromatin condenses, cell shrinks and fragments into small membrane bound apoptosis bodies which are phagocytosed.

Question 29

How did the mitochondria become an organelle?

Answer 29

An early anaerobic eukaryote engulfed and aerobic bacterium - live in endosymbiosis

Question 30

What are the four types of tissue

Answer 30

Muscle Nerve Connective Epithelial

Question 31

What is epithelium?

Answer 31

Cells that cover the exterior body surface, line internal closed cavities and body tubes fear communicate with the exterior. Also form secretory portion of glands and line their ducts.

Question 32

What are epithelioids? And give some examples?

Answer 32

Cells without a surface Islets of langerhans Leydig cells in the testes Parenchyma cells of adrenal gland

Question 33

Why do necrotic cells swell and burst?

Answer 33

Failure of the Na/K ATPase

Question 34

What is osmolality?

Answer 34

Concentration of solutes/proteins in solution

Question 35

More proteins/solutes = ______ osmolality

Answer 35

High

Question 36

What is normal plasma osmolality?

Answer 36

285-295 mOsmol/kg

Question 37

What is the result of lowering intracellular K?

Answer 37

Means lower resting membrane potential therefore cell is less excitable (needs larger stimulus for activation)

Question 38

What are the main causes of an abnormal plasma pH?

Answer 38

Major organ dysfunction - especially lungs, kidneys, liver Poor tissue perfusion - shock

Question 39

Define shock

Answer 39

A state of global cellular and tissue hypoxia due to reduced oxygen delivery (commonly due to hypoperfusion)

Question 40

How does shock lower plasma pH?

Answer 40

When tissue poorly perfused, anaerobic glycolysis leads to lactic acid production and lactic acidosis which lowers ph

Question 41

What are starling forces?

Answer 41

Govern whether fluid moves into capillaries (absorption) or out of capillaries (filtration)