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Y12 Human Biology > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Homeostasis is the process of maintaining a constant internal environment in the body

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2
Q

What two body systems control equilibrium?

A

The nervous system and the endocrine system

Nervous system uses nerve impulses

Endocrine system uses hormones

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3
Q

Name at least 3 factors of the body’s internal environment that need to be controlled for homeostasis

A

Temperature
pH Levels
Concentration of: glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, ions
Blood Pressure

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4
Q

What is thermoregulation and why do we need it?

A

It’s the regulation of body temperature; the balance of heat gain and heat loss in order to maintain a constant internal body temperature independent of the environmental temperature

We need it to keep our internal temperature at optimum conditions

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5
Q

Name the 4 ways heat can be transferred

A

Conduction, convection, radiation and evaporation

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6
Q

What methods does the body use to regulate a low body temperature? (Ie. Increase its body temperature)

A

Shivering, vasoconstriction, increasing metabolism and producing adrenaline

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7
Q

What methods does the body use to regulate a high body temperature? (Ie. Decrease its body temperature)

A

Sweating, vasodilation and decreasing metabolism

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8
Q

How does shivering increase body temperature?

A

When the muscles oscillate causing the shivering, the increased cell respiration needed to preform this action produces heat

The friction from the shivering also produces some heat

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9
Q

What’s the difference between vasoconstriction and vasodilation?

A

Vasoconstriction constricts the blood vessels reducing the blood flow to particular areas of the body

Whereas vasodilation, dilates the blood vessels increasing the blood flow to particular areas of the body

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10
Q

How does vasoconstriction increase body temperature and by utilising which heat transfer method?

A

Through vasoconstriction, blood flow to the extremities is reduced. This makes it so that more of the warm blood stays near your core and vital organs. Also the less blood there is in the extremities, there is a reduced heat loss due to radiation

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11
Q

How does the body increase its metabolism?

A

Thermoreceptors in the skin and hypothalamus detect that there is a low body temp
—->
Hypothalamus releases TSH R.F.
—->
Ant. Pit. Gland releases more TSH
—->
Thyroid gland releases more thyroxine, which increases the body cell’s metabolism

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12
Q

How does increasing metabolism, increase body temperature?

A

When the body’s metabolism is increased, more cellular respiration occurs in the body’s cells, and this increased cellular respiration results in more heat being produced

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13
Q

Why does the body release adrenaline to try and increase body temperature?

A

Similarly to increasing metabolism, the introduction of adrenaline into the body increases the rate of cellular respiration, which in turn will produce more heat

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14
Q

How does sweating decrease body temperature and by utilising which heat transfer method?

A

When the body sweats, the sweat droplets on the skin absorb the body’s latent heat. This causes the sweat droplets to evaporate, taking the heat away with them when they turn into vapour

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15
Q

How does vasodilation decrease body temperature and by utilising which heat transfer method?

A

Through vasodilation, blood flow to the extremities is increased. This makes it so that more blood is in the extremities, resulting in a increase in heat loss to the cooler environment due to radiation

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16
Q

How does the body decrease metabolism?

A

Thermoreceptors in the skin and hypothalamus detect that there is a high body temp
—->
Hypothalamus releases TSH I.F.
—->
Ant. Pit. Gland releases no TSH
—->
Thyroid gland releases less thyroxine, which decreases the body cell’s metabolism

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17
Q

How does decreasing metabolism, decrease body temperature?

A

When the body’s metabolism is decreased, less cellular respiration occurs in the body’s cells, and this decreased cellular respiration results in little heat being produced

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18
Q

How does your body know if you are too hot or cold?

A

When thermoreceptors in the skin or hypothalamus detect if you are too hot or cold, they send a message to the hypothalamus
—->
The “Thermoregulatory Centre” of the hypothalamus then recognises the issue and sends the appropriate message to the cerebral cortex of the brain to alert it and have it take action

19
Q

Name at least 3 behavioural responses that the body does to increase body temperature?

A 
Put on clothing
Turn off aircon
Warm bath
Increase activity
Curl up
20
Q

Name at least 3 behavioural responses that the body does to decrease body temperature?

A 
Remove clothing
Turn on aircon
Cold shower
Reduce activity 
Spread out
21
Q

What is hyperthyroidism? (Also known as Graves’ Disease)

A

A condition where the thyroid is enlarged due to a reaction with the immune system, causing it to produce too much thyroxine

22
Q

What is hypothyroidism? (Also known as Hashimoto’s Disease)

A

A condition where the thyroid does not produce enough thyroxine. This can be caused by:

A lack of iodine is one’s diet;
The immune system attacking the thyroid gland;
Or surgical removal of too much of the thyroid gland

23
Q

How does hyperthyroidism disrupt homeostasis?

A

When the body recognises that there is too much thyroxine in the body (causing a higher than normal metabolism) and tries to rectify this by decreasing the amount of TSH being produced, the enlarged thyroid gland continues to produce too much thyroxine keeping he levels of thyroxine still high, disrupting homeostasis

24
Q

How does hypothyroidism disrupt homeostasis?

A

When the body recognises there is too little thyroxine in the body (causing a lower than normal metabolism) and tries to rectify this by increasing the amount of TSH being produced, two things could happen:

If there is a lack of iodine in the diet, then thyroxine cannot be produced, keeping the levels of thyroxine low, disrupting homeostasis or

If the immune system is attacking the thyroid gland or too much of it has been removed, then it won’t be able to produced enough thyroxine, keeping the levels of thyroxine low, disrupting homeostasis

25
Q

Which endocrine gland controls blood glucose (blood sugar) levels in the body?

A

The pancreas

26
Q

What are the two hormones that the pancreas produces and releases?

A

Insulin and Glucagon

27
Q

What are the cells inside of the pancreas called that produce it’s hormones and what are the names of its two types?

A

The hormone producing cells in the pancreas are called: Islets of Langerhans

The two types of islets are Alpha and Beta cells

28
Q

What do Alpha Cells secrete?

A

Glucagon

29
Q

What do Beta Cells secrete?

A

Insulin

30
Q

How does insulin decrease blood sugar levels?

A

It enables glucose to be taken in by cells

It promotes the liver and muscles to convert glucose to glycogen (GlycogenESIS)

It promotes fat storage

It promotes protein synthesis

31
Q

How does glucagon increase blood sugar levels?

A

It converts liver glycogen into glucose (GlycogenOLYSIS)

It promotes gluconeogenesis

32
Q

What is the full name for diabetes and what is it’s two types?

A

Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1 Diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes

33
Q

How is Type 1 Diabetes different from Type 2 Diabetes?

A

Type 1 Diabetes is caused by the immune system destroying Beta cells so insulin cannot be produced

Whereas Type 2 Diabetes, is caused by cells not being able to respond to insulin Eg. Insulin-receptors may be destroyed or worn out

34
Q

Body fluid concentration can be controlled by two hormones. What are they?

A

ADH and AcTH

35
Q 
Fill in the blanks:
High water concentrations
.*. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Blood Pressure
.*. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Blood Volume 
.*. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Osmotic Pressure
.*. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Salt Concentration
A

.. Increased Blood Pressure
.. Increased Blood Volume
.. Decreased Osmotic Pressure
.. Decreased Salt Concentration

36
Q

By regulating salt concentration, how does the body react to a high water concentration to maintain homeostasis?

A

Chemoreceptors and osmotic receptors in the hypothalamus tell the hypothalamus that the water concentration is too high
—->
Hypothalamus releases AcTH I.F.
—->
Ant. Pit. Gland releases no AcTH
—->
Adrenal cortex does not produce aldosterone
—->
No change to salt concentration means water moves from the blood to the cells, where the water concentration is lower than the blood

37
Q

By regulating salt concentration, how does the body react to a low water concentration to maintain homeostasis?

A

Chemoreceptors and osmotic receptors in the hypothalamus tell the hypothalamus that the water concentration is too low
—->
Hypothalamus releases AcTH R.F.
—->
Ant. Pit. Gland releases AcTH
—->
Adrenal cortex produces and releases aldosterone
—->
Aldosterone causes Na+/Cl- to be actively pumped from filtrate into the extracellular fluid. This increases osmotic pressure between the cells and the blood, causing the water from the cells to move into the blood

38
Q

By regulating ADH, how does the body react to a low water concentration to maintain homeostasis?

A

Chemoreceptors and osmotic receptors in the hypothalamus and baroreceptors in carotid/aortic bodies tell the hypothalamus that the water concentration is too low
—->
The hypothalamus then produces ADH and sends a nerve impulse to the Pos. Pit. Gland
—->
Pos. Pit. Gland releases the ADH
—->
ADH causes water channels to open in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct of the nephrons, making them more permeable to water
—->
Water moves from the filtrate in the nephrons to the blood

39
Q

By regulating ADH, how does the body react to a high water concentration to maintain homeostasis?

A

Chemoreceptors and osmotic receptors in the hypothalamus and baroreceptors in carotid/aortic bodies tell the hypothalamus that the water concentration is too high
—->
The hypothalamus then produces ADH but doesn’t send a nerve impulse to the Pos. Pit. Gland
—->
Pos. Pit. Gland doesn’t releases the ADH
—->
No ADH causes water channels to close in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct of the nephrons, making them less permeable to water
—->
Water moves from the blood to the filtrate in the nephrons

40
Q

Using the thirst reflex, how does the body react to a high water concentration to maintain homeostasis?

A

Chemoreceptors and osmotic receptors in the hypothalamus and baroreceptors in carotid/aortic bodies tell the hypothalamus that the water concentration is too high
—->
Hypothalamus’ “Thirst Centre” sends a message to the cerebral cortex of the brain to alert it
—->
Cerebral cortex then makes your body feel not thirsty so you initiate behaviour responses to reduce water concentration

41
Q

Using the thirst reflex, how does the body react to a low water concentration to maintain homeostasis?

A

Chemoreceptors and osmotic receptors in the hypothalamus and baroreceptors in carotid/aortic bodies tell the hypothalamus that the water concentration is too low
—->
Hypothalamus’ “Thirst Centre” sends a message to the cerebral cortex of the brain to alert it
—->
Cerebral cortex then makes your body feel thirsty so you initiate behaviour responses to increase water concentration

42
Q

Name the behavioural response that decreases water concentration

A

Avoiding drinking water

43
Q

Name the behavioural responses that increases water concentration

A

Drinking fluids

Y12 Human Biology (4 decks)

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