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Physiology 1 > Homeostasis and Control Systems > Flashcards

Homeostasis and Control Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a relatively constant or stable internal environment

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2
Q

How is the intracellular environment controlled ?

A
  1. Membrane transporters
  2. Protein expression
  3. Control of the cell cycle
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3
Q

What will stress activate? (External stimulus)

A

Intracellular adaptive response

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4
Q

What internal environment is made up of?

A

The extra cellular fluid

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5
Q

What are the internal factors that must be homeostatically maintained ?

A
  1. Concentration of nutrient molecules
  2. Concentration of O2 and CO2
  3. Concentration of waste products
  4. pH
  5. Concentration of water, salt and electrolytes
  6. Temperature
  7. Volume and pressure
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6
Q

What will CO2 in solution form?

A

Carbonic acid which will reduce the pH of body fluids if CO2 accumulates

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7
Q

How does the body adjust to exercise ?

A
  1. Increases breathing frequency
  2. Increases heart rate
  3. Adjustments in skin physiology
  4. Thirst mechanism and urine output is altered
  5. Metabolism is altered
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8
Q

What is the intrinsic control system?

A

The local control system

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9
Q

How is regulation accomplished by the intrinsic control system ?

A

By the release of chemicals such as paracrines and autocrines

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10
Q

What are paracrines?

A

Chemical messengers that are released from one cell, and they defuse a very short distance to a neighbouring cell and this is the target cells

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11
Q

What are autocrines ?

A

Chemical messengers that are released from the same cell in which they work on

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12
Q

Give an example of an intrinsic control system

A

Hypoxic vasodilation of blood vessels

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13
Q

What is hypoxia ?

A

Low O2 levels within tissues

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14
Q

What is extrinsic / reflex control system ?

A

Long distance control

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15
Q

How is the extrinsic / reflex control system accomplished ?

A

Nervous and endocrine systems

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16
Q

Give an example of when the long distance control system is used.

A

Blood pressure regulation

17
Q

What is a change is blood pressure sensed by?

A

Baroreceptors

18
Q

Where is the cardiovascular control centre in the brain?

A

In the medulla oblongata

19
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Negative feedback consists of pathways where the response opposes or removes the stimulus

20
Q

Where are signals sent during temperature regulation ?

A

Anterior hypothalamus

21
Q

What does the hypothalamus cause to happen due to high temperatures?

A

Dilation of blood vessels in the skin to increase the SA over which the heat can be lost by radiation

And activate sweat glands

Flatten hair on skin

22
Q

What type of feedback can occur during a fever?

A

Positive feedback - continual increase in body temperature

23
Q

What happens during positive feedback?

A

It inhances the initial change and does not maintain homeostasis

24
Q

What is needed to shut off the feedback loop during positive feedback ?

A

An outside factor

25
Q

What causes an increase in temperature during a fever?

A

Infections (bacterial/virus)

26
Q

What are pyrogens and what produces them ?

A

They are produced by immune cells and they are chemicals that increase the setpoint for temperature in the hypothalamus

27
Q

What else can increase the set point in the hypothalamus?

A

The component parts of the bacterium or virus

28
Q

What does the hypothalamus release ?

A

PGE2

29
Q

What can limit homeostasis ?

A

Age

Presence of pathological condition

30
Q

What mechanisms are altered by age?

A

Fluid balance

Thermoregulation

31
Q

What happens usual negative feedback mechanisms during pathological states ?

A

They become overwhelmed

32
Q

When does homeostatic imbalance occur?

A

When a factor in the internal environment is controlled inadequately, it’s level falls outside of the normal range

33
Q

Give examples of homeostatic imbalance in the cardiovascular system

A

Chronic hypertension
Atherosclerosis
Congestive heart failure

34
Q

Give examples of homeostatic imbalance in the endocrine system

A

Type 1 diabetes

35
Q

What cells in the pancreas have glucose receptors ?

A

Beta cells

Physiology 1 (2 decks)

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