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Biology > Homeostasis and Glucose Regulation > Flashcards

Homeostasis and Glucose Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

The ability for an organism to seek and maintain a stable environment, regardless of external changes.

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2
Q

What’s controlled to acheive homeostasis?

A

Temp, glucose, pH, water

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3
Q

Optimum and tolerance range

A

Optimum - Organism thrives
Tolerance - Organism can survive but not most efficiently

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4
Q

Niche

A

Interrelationship between a species and all abiotic and biotic factors in its environment

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5
Q

Physiological stress

A

The organisms response to a stressor, leads to a threat to homeostasis.

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6
Q

Stimuli receptors

A

Gather information about the body and environment (Exteroceptors and Interoceptors)

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7
Q

The main types of receptors and purpose

A

Chemoreceptor - Chemical stimuli
Mechanoreceptor - Mechanical stimuli
Photoreceptor - Light
Thermoreceptor - Heat or cold
Nociceptor - Pain
Osmosis - Water

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8
Q

Communication systems

A

Messages sent throughout the body to respond
(e.g. impulse travels through your nerves)

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9
Q

Control center

A

Receives information from the receptors
(e.g. Hypothalamus interprets he stimulus)

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10
Q

Effectors

A

Body part that changes its activity
(e.g muscles in hand stretch/contract abruptly)

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11
Q

The principle of feedback

A

Feedback systems are mechanisms that maintain homeostasis by returning an environment back to its tolerance or optimum range

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12
Q

Stimulus response model

A

Stimulus (input, change to environmnt)
- Receptor (detects stimuli)
- Processing center (processes info from receptor -> sends message to effector)
- Effector (carries ou the response)
- Response (output, returns organisms to tolerance range)

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13
Q

Negative feedback loop and examples

A

Process where your body reverses a change that is occurring
- If temp decreases .. you will shiver to generate heat
- If temp increases … you will sweat to lose heat

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14
Q

Hypothermia

A

Temperature below 35 degrees

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15
Q

Convection

A

occurs when colder air move past areas of a warmer body

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16
Q

Conduction

A

Heat is lost to a thin layer of still air, water or solid that is in direct contact with a warm body

17
Q

Radiation

A

Heated objects radiate heat as electromagnetic radiation

18
Q

Evaporation

A

water from persons skin changes from liquid to gas
- Requires heat energy

19
Q

Piloerection

A

Is an involuntary response that can occur when a mammal is fearful, aggressive, in shock or cold environment (goose bumps)

20
Q

Shivering

A

involuntary action occuring when someone is exposed to cool air or water for extended period of time. Contraction and relaxation.

21
Q

Brown Adipose tissue metabolism

A

They can break down fatty acids, releasing 100% of energy as heat (with no production of ATP)

22
Q

Hyperthermia

A

Core body temp it’s above upper end of normal 38%

23
Q

Heat stroke

A

Life threatening condition where brain function is effected, body is above 40 degrees

symptoms: slurred speech, hallucinations, organ damage

24
Q

Heat exhaustion

A

increase in core body temp

symptoms: poor coordination, slower pulse, excessive sweating, can develop into heat stroke.

25
Q

Sweating

A

water evaporates from liquid to gas. Evaporation of sweat requires energy, and energy is taken from blood vessels close to skin cooling body down.

26
Q

Panting

A

Increase in breathing rate (reduce body temp through evaporation)

27
Q

Temp decrease - stimulus response model

A
  1. stimulus
    Decrease in body temp below normal
  2. Receptor
    Decrease detected by thermoreceptors in skin, organs and hypothalamus of brain
  3. Control Center
    Hypothalamus sends signals via nerve and hormonal systems effectors.
  4. Effectors
    Blood vessels in skin, Skeletal muscles, Brown adipose tissue
  5. Response
    Reduced blood flow in skin, Shivering, BAT Metabolic heat production.
28
Q

Temp Increase - Stimulus response

A
  1. Stimulus
    Increase in body temp above normal
  2. Receptor
    Increase detected by thermoreceptors in skin, organs and hypothalamus.
  3. Control center
    Hypothalamus sends signals via nerves to effectors
  4. Effectors
    Blood vessels in skin, sweat glands
  5. Response
    Vasodilation of skin vessels, initiation of sweating, inhibition of BAT metabolism.
29
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

Process where body encourages change

30
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

Process where body encourages change. (reinforces or increases stimulus)
e.g. pregnancy contractions

31
Q

High glucose levels - stimulus response

A
  1. Stimulus
    Increase blood glucose
  2. Receptor
    Beta cells of pancreas
  3. Control center
    Beta cells of the pancreas secrete the hormone insulin
  4. Effectors
    Skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver
  5. Response
    Decrease in blood glucose by:
    Uptake of glucose by muscle and adipose tissue (cell channels are opened by insulin), glycogen formation in liver.
32
Q

Decrease glucose levels - stimulus response

A
  1. Stimulus
    Decrease blood glucose
  2. Receptor
    Alpha cells of pancreas
  3. Control center
    Alpha cells of pancreas secrete hormone glucagon
  4. Effectors
    Liver cells, body cells
  5. Response
    Increase in blood glucose by:
    Release of glucose into blood from liver
33
Q

Temporary homeostasis disruptions

A

Infections, fever, sore throats, muscle soreness

34
Q

Major homeostasis disruptions

A

Frost bite: sensors are destroyed
Paralysis: messages from brain can’t travel through spinal cord if damaged.

35
Q

Diabetes

A

Body is unable to automatically regulate blood glucose concentration

36
Q

Hyperglycaemia

A

Glucose levels remain above optimum point (excess glucose excreted in urine)
- Inject insulin
Symptoms:
Increased thirst, frequent urination, extreme hunger, fatigue

37
Q

Hypoglycaemia

A

Glucose levels are too low.
- Eat glucose (carbs)

Symptoms:
Fatigue, faint, sweating, dizziness.

38
Q

Glycogenesis

A

When liver converts glucose to glycogen to then store.

Biology (32 decks)

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