Homeostasis pt.2

Question 1

What is the shape of the adrenal gland?

Answer 1

Triangular

The adrenal gland is described as being made of two glands in one shell.

Question 2

Where is the adrenal gland located in the body?

Answer 2

On top of each kidney

The adrenal glands sit atop the kidneys.

Question 3

What are the two parts of the adrenal gland?

Answer 3

Cortex and Medulla

The inner gland is the Medulla, while the outer gland is the Cortex.

Question 4

What controls the Medulla of the adrenal gland?

Answer 4

Nervous system

The Medulla is controlled by the nervous system.

Question 5

What controls the Cortex of the adrenal gland?

Answer 5

Endocrine system

The Cortex is regulated by the endocrine system.

Question 6

What is the shape of the pancreas?

Answer 6

Tadpole with a body and a tail

This description highlights the unique structure of the pancreas.

Question 7

Where is the pancreas located in the body?

Answer 7

Behind the stomach

The pancreas is also connected to the small intestine by the pancreatic duct.

Question 8

What are the hormone-producing cells in the pancreas called?

Answer 8

Islets of Langerhans

There are approximately 2000 tiny islets in the pancreas.

Question 9

What is the difference between alpha and beta cells in the pancreas?

Answer 9

Alpha cells produce glucagon; Beta cells produce insulin

Alpha and beta cells play crucial roles in regulating blood glucose levels.

Question 10

What do Alpha cells produce?

Answer 10

Alpha cells produce glucagon.

Question 11

What do Beta cells produce?

Answer 11

Beta cells produce insulin.

Question 12

What hormone is produced in the Adrenal Medulla?

Answer 12

Epinephrine (aka adrenalin) is produced in the Adrenal Medulla.

Question 13

What are the target cells for Epinephrine?

Answer 13

The target cells for Epinephrine are heart cells, liver, and eyes.

Question 14

What are the actions of Epinephrine?

Answer 14

Epinephrine increases breathing rate, heart rate, and blood pressure.

It also increases blood flow to the heart and muscles, converts glycogen to glucose in the liver, dilates the pupils of the eyes, and decreases blood flow to the extremities.

Question 15

What is Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

Answer 15

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol.

Question 16

Where is cortisol released from?

Answer 16

The adrenal cortex.

Question 17

What cells produce insulin?

Answer 17

Beta cells of the pancreas.

Question 18

What cells produce glucagon?

Answer 18

Alpha cells of the pancreas.

Question 19

What is the effect of cortisol on muscle cells?

Answer 19

It causes muscle to be broken down into amino acids, which are then used to make glucose.

Question 20

What does insulin do?

Answer 20

It causes cells to intake glucose.

Question 21

What does glucagon promote?

Answer 21

The breakdown of glycogen to glucose.

Question 22

What is the shape and location of the Thyroid gland?

Answer 22

Butterfly shaped with 2 lobes, located in the neck below the larynx

Question 23

What is a goiter?

Answer 23

Enlargement of the thyroid gland, often caused by a deficiency in iodine

Question 24

What deficiency is often associated with the development of a goiter?

Answer 24

Iodine deficiency

Question 25

What hormone stimulates the thyroid gland, potentially leading to goiter?

Answer 25

TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)

Question 26

What is the purpose of iodized salt?

Answer 26

To prevent iodine deficiency and thereby reduce the risk of goiter

Question 27

How many Parathyroid glands are there?

Answer 27

Four

Question 28

Where are the Parathyroid glands located?

Answer 28

On the thyroid gland at the 4 points of the butterfly

Question 29

Describe the appearance of the Parathyroid glands.

Answer 29

Small rounded glands

Question 30

What is the hormone name for growth hormone?

Answer 30

Growth hormone (GH) ## Footnote Also known as somatotropin.

Question 31

Where is growth hormone produced?

Answer 31

Anterior pituitary ## Footnote This is the gland responsible for its production.

Question 32

What are the target cells for growth hormone?

Answer 32

All body cells ## Footnote GH affects various types of cells throughout the body.

Question 33

What is one action of growth hormone?

Answer 33

Increase protein synthesis ## Footnote GH plays a crucial role in building proteins.

Question 34

Fill in the blank: Growth hormone stimulates the _______ to secrete TSH.

Answer 34

pituitary ## Footnote TSH stands for Thyroid Stimulating Hormone.

Question 35

What is another action of growth hormone?

Answer 35

Increase cell division and growth ## Footnote This is especially true for cartilage, bone, and muscle.

Question 36

What does growth hormone do to fats stored in adipose tissue?

Answer 36

Metabolic breakdown and release ## Footnote GH helps mobilize fats for energy use.

Question 37

What disorder is associated with low levels of growth hormone?

Answer 37

Dwarfism ## Footnote Insufficient GH during development can lead to this condition.

Question 38

What disorder is associated with high levels of growth hormone?

Answer 38

Acromegaly ## Footnote Excess GH in adulthood can result in this condition.

Question 39

What hormone does growth hormone stimulate the pituitary to secrete?

Answer 39

TSH ## Footnote TSH stands for Thyroid Stimulating Hormone, which regulates thyroid function.

Question 40

What does TSH stand for?

Answer 40

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 41

Where is TSH produced?

Answer 41

Anterior pituitary

Question 42

What hormone does the thyroid gland secrete?

Answer 42

Thyroxine

Question 43

What is the function of calcitonin?

Answer 43

Stimulates the uptake of calcium into the bones

Question 44

Which gland secretes calcitonin?

Answer 44

Thyroid gland

Question 45

What is the primary role of thyroxine?

Answer 45

Controls the rate at which the body metabolises fats, proteins and carbs for energy

Question 46

Thyroxine affects the rate of _______.

Answer 46

cellular respiration

Question 47

What condition is indicated by low levels of thyroxine?

Answer 47

Hypothyroidism

Question 48

What condition is indicated by high levels of thyroxine?

Answer 48

Hyperthyroidism

Question 49

What triggers the release of calcitonin?

Answer 49

High calcium levels in the blood

Question 50

Which cells are stimulated by TSH?

Answer 50

Thyroid gland cells

Question 51

All body cells are affected by ______.

Answer 51

Thyroxine

Question 52

What is the function of parathyroid hormone?

Answer 52

Released in response to low blood calcium ## Footnote Parathyroid hormone regulates calcium levels in the blood.

Question 53

What does parathyroid hormone cause bone cells to do?

Answer 53

Break and secrete calcium into the blood ## Footnote This process increases calcium levels in the bloodstream.

Question 54

How does parathyroid hormone affect the kidneys?

Answer 54

Causes kidneys to reabsorb calcium from the urine ## Footnote This action helps maintain calcium balance in the body.

Question 55

What vitamin is activated by parathyroid hormone?

Answer 55

Vitamin D ## Footnote Vitamin D is important for calcium absorption.

Question 56

What effect does parathyroid hormone have on the intestines?

Answer 56

Stimulates calcium absorption from the intestines ## Footnote This enhances the body's ability to absorb dietary calcium.

Question 57

True or False: Parathyroid hormone is released in response to high blood calcium levels.

Answer 57

False ## Footnote It is released when blood calcium levels are low.

Question 58

What is the shape and location of the testicles?

Answer 58

Round shaped, pair of sac-like glands located between the legs, outside of the body

Question 59

What do the ovaries look like and where are they located?

Answer 59

Round pair of glands located inside the lower abdomen of a female, above the uterus

Question 60

What is the corpus luteum?

Answer 60

A structure composed of scar tissue that develops in the ovary following ovulation

Question 61

What are the primary functions of the corpus luteum?

Answer 61

Prepare the uterine lining for implantation and secrete progesterone

Question 62

What does progesterone do in relation to ovulation and pregnancy?

Answer 62

Inhibits further ovulation and maintains the placenta if pregnancy occurs

Question 63

True or False: The corpus luteum remains indefinitely if pregnancy does not occur.

Answer 63

False

Question 64

Fill in the blank: The testicles are located _______ of the body.

Answer 64

outside

Question 65

What happens to the corpus luteum after a few days if pregnancy does not occur?

Answer 65

It degenerates