Homestatic Mechanisms & Kidneys (b1 & B10)

Question 1

Definition of homeostasis

Answer 1

Is the ability or tendency to maintain internal stability in an organism to compensate for environmental changes.

Keeping the same state such as sugar, water and Ph levels

Question 2

Internal environment

Answer 2

Stimula

Sensor

Control

Effector

Question 3

Negative feedback

Answer 3

Occurs when an important variable, such as the Ph blood tissue fluid, deviated from the acceptable range or limit, and triggers responses that return the variable to be within the acceptable normal range.
It is the feedback that creates a reaction to return the internal environment to be balanced, happy and healthy

Question 4

Brain and nervous system control

Answer 4

The brain and nervous system play a vital role in controlling homeostatic mechanisms and helps humans think ahead of possible variables moving outside the normal range, advance thinking. This is feedfoward rather than getting to the feedback situation.

Question 5

Thermoregatory homeostatic process

Answer 5

Body temp varies only slightly.
The skin plays a very important role in maintaining core temp. The hypothalamus is the processing centre in the brain that controls body temp. It does this by triggering changes to effectors, such as the sweat glands and muscles controlling body hair.

Question 6

The skins (largest body organ)

Answer 6

• protect the underlying tissues against friction damage
• waterproof body
• protect deeper structures from microorganisms
• protect against UV radiation
• thermoregulation process
• relay sensory nerve messages
• synthesis vitamin D

Question 7

Hyperthermia

Answer 7

A body temp ABOVE 37 degrees

Question 8

Hypothermia

Answer 8

Body temp BELOW 37 degrees

Question 9

glucose homeostasis

Answer 9

Glucose is a sugar needed by cells for respiration. It is important that the concentration of glucose in the blood is maintained at a constant level

Question 10

Insulin basics

Answer 10

Insulin and gluocogen are hormones secreted by islet cells within the pancreas. They are both secreted in response to blood sugar levels, but in opposite fashion! Insulin is normally secreted by the beta cells (a type of islet cells) of the pancreas

Question 11

Insulin, glucogen, and other hormone levels rise and fall to keep blood sugar in s normal range…

Answer 11

When blood sugar drops too low, the level of insulin declines and other cells in the pancreas release glucogen, which causes the liver to turn stored glycogen back into glucose and release it in to the blood.

Question 12

ISLET CELLS

Answer 12

Cells in pancreas that produce insulin

Question 13

GLUCOSE

Answer 13

Provides the energy in the blood and it must be at correct level

Question 14

GLUCAGEN

Answer 14

Hormone released by pancreas which converts into glucogen to increase blood sugar levels

Question 15

INSULIN

Answer 15

The hormone secreted by begs cells in pancreas that converts glucose into glucogen

Question 16

LIVER

Answer 16

The liver sorted glucogen

Question 17

MUSCLE CELLS

Answer 17

The muscle cells store glycogen

Question 18

DIABETES

Answer 18

Diabetes is where the blood glucose levels remain too high. By injecting insulin which causes the liver to convert glucose into glycogen which reduce the glucose level.
Type 1 - lack of insulin controlled by monitoring diet and injecfing insulin.
Type 2 - body becoming resistant to insulin

Question 19

THE KIDNEYS

Answer 19

The kidney is surrounded by a renal capsule and the cortex.

Urine formed in the correct passes through the minor then major calyx

Question 20

RENAL PELVIS

Answer 20

Urine from the calyx then passes into the renal pelvis and continues put down the ureter.

Question 21

URETER

Answer 21

Near the belly button

Question 22

URETHRA

Answer 22

Where you urinate

Question 23

BLADDER

Answer 23

Many muscles control the bladder but the main one is the sphincter which releases and stop the stream of urine

Question 24

What is the NEPHRON?

Answer 24

Blood travels in through the renal artery. Waste products are FILTERED out and NUTRIENTS absorbed.
The BALANCE of water in the body is regulated. The RENAL VEIN takes the blood AWAY. WASTE PRODUCTS in urine move DOEN the BLADDER.

Question 25

The role of the KIDNEY and the RENAL SYSTEM

Answer 25

Keep the CONCENTRATIONS. Of the various IONS and other important substances CONSTANT Keep the volume of WATER in your body constant The the ACID/BASE CONCENTRATION of your blood CONSTANT Help regulate BLOOD PRESSURE

Question 26

NEPHRON

Answer 26

The filtering unit of the kidney which performs the job of filtering and fluid balance jobs. Each KIDNEY is made up of MANY NEPHRONS

Question 27

THE GLOMERULUS

Answer 27

At the beginning of the nephron is the GLOMERULUS a network of capillaries that performs the first step of filtering blood using diffusion

Question 28

Labelling a nephron

Answer 28

``` BOWMAN CAPSULE PROXIMAL TUBULE DISTAL TUBULE LOOP OF HENLE COLLECTING DUCT ```

Question 29

BOWMANS CAPSULE

Answer 29

Fluids from blood in the glomerulus are collecting in the bowmans capsule (the glomerular filtrate) and further processed along the nephron to form urine this process is known as ULTRA FILTRATION

Question 30

ULTRA FILTRATION

Answer 30

The Hugh pressure forces small molecules such as water, glucose, amino acids,. Sodium chloride and urea through the filter, from the blood in the GLOMERULAR CAPSULE across the basement membrane of the BOWMANS CAPSULE into the NEPHRON

Question 31

PROXIMAL TUBULE

Answer 31

The filtrate is passed through the PROXIMAL TUBULE, LOOP OF HENLE, and DISTAL TUBULE, where water and nutrients are reabsorbed, producing HYPERSMOTIC URINE

Question 32

REABSORPTION

Answer 32

Water gets reabsorbed passively by osmosis

Question 33

END RESULTS

Answer 33

Urine from the nephrons flow into a collecting duct, leading to the renal pelvis, which is drained by the ureter.